Francis Bacons Classic Essay, Of Truth

Of Truth is the opening essay in the final edition of the philosopher, statesman and jurist  Francis Bacons Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral (1625). In this essay, as associate professor of philosophy Svetozar Minkov points out, Bacon addresses the question of whether it is worse to lie to others or to oneself--to possess truth (and lie, when necessary, to others) or to think one possesses the truth but be mistaken and hence unintentionally convey falsehoods to both oneself and to others (Francis Bacons Inquiry Touching Human Nature, 2010). In Of Truth, Bacon argues that people have a natural inclination to lie to others: a natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself. Of Truth What is truth? said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer. Certainly, there be that delight in giddiness, and count it a bondage to fix a belief, affecting free-will in thinking as well as in acting. And though the sects of philosophers of that kind be gone, yet there remain certain discoursing wits which are of the same veins, though there be not so much blood in them as was in those of the ancients. But it is not only the difficulty and labor which men take in finding out of truth, nor again that when it is found it imposeth upon mens thoughts, that doth bring lies in favor, but a natural though corrupt love of the lie itself. One of the later school of the Grecians examineth the matter, and is at a stand to think what should be in it, that men should love lies where neither they make for pleasure, as with poets, nor for advantage, as with the merchant; but for the lies sake. But I cannot tell: this same truth is a naked and open daylight that doth not show the masques a nd mummeries and triumphs of the world half so stately and daintily as candle-lights. Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl that showeth best by day; but it will not rise to the price of a diamond or carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights. A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure. Doth any man doubt that if there were taken out of mens minds vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves? One of the fathers, in great severity, called poesy vinum daemonum [the wine of devils] because it filleth the imagination, and yet it is but with the shadow of a lie. But it is not the lie that passeth through the mind, but the lie that sinketh in and settleth in it that doth the hurt, such as we spake of before. But howsoever these things are thus in mens depraved judgments and affections, yet truth, which only doth judge itself, teacheth that the inquiry of truth, which is the love-making or wooing of it; the knowledge of truth, which is the presence of it; and the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it, is the sovereign good of human nature. The first creature of God in the works of the days was the light of the sense; the last was the light of reason; and his Sabbath work ever since is the illumination of his spirit. First he breathed light upon the face of the matter, or chaos; then he breathed light into the face of man; and still he breatheth and inspireth light into the face of his chosen. The poet that beautified the sect that was otherwise inferior to the rest, saith yet excellently well, It is a pleasure to stand upon the shore, and to see ships tossed upon the sea; a pleasure to stand in the window of a castle, and to see a battle and the adventures thereof below; but no pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of truth (a hill not to be co mmanded, and where the air is always clear and serene), and to see the errors and wanderings and mists and tempests in the vale below*; so always that this prospect be with pity, and not with swelling or pride. Certainly it is heaven upon earth to have a mans mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth. To pass from theological and philosophical truth to the truth of civil business: it will be acknowledged, even by those that practice it not, that clear and round dealing is the honor of mans nature, and that mixture of falsehood is like alloy in coin of gold and silver, which may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it. For these winding and crooked courses are the goings of the serpent, which goeth basely upon the belly and not upon the feet. There is no vice that doth so cover a man with shame as to be found false and perfidious; and therefore Montaigne saith prettily, when he inquired the reason why the word of the lie should be such a disgrace and such an odious charge. Saith he, If it be well weighed, to say that a man lieth, is as much as to say that he is brave towards God, and a coward towards man. For a lie faces God, and shrinks from man. Surely the wickedness of falsehood and breach of faith cannot possibly be so highly expressed as in that it shall be the last peal to call the judgments of God upon the generations of men: it being foretold that when Christ cometh, He shall not find faith upon the earth. *Bacons paraphrase of the opening lines of Book II of On the Nature of Things by Roman poet Titus Lucretius Carus.

Essay on Conformity vs. Individuality in Schools - 886 Words

As a student, I am often troubled by the rigid routines of the school day, despite the fact that I am actually a very habitual person. The constant ringing of bells, lectures, bellwork, classwork, homework, each a daily practice throughout the school year. Although all of these components promote conformity, which will ultimately support the balance of school and societal norms, they also tend to threaten each student’s own unique characteristics. This then poses the question; to what degree should schools encourage conformity versus individuality? Certainly, a level of conformity is required to achieve a balanced society however, the overall structure of the school day and class, including the methods used to teach and mandatory classes,†¦show more content†¦This includes prohibitions against assault and theft or respect for leaders (Source G). Given that students are at an age where they are extremely moldable, it is imperative that they learn these rules in school. Looking at the actual amount of conformity present in schools, as opposed to the ideal amount, it seems that schools have moved past a healthy level to a point where students don’t often have to genuinely think for themselves. On a basic level, students don’t have to plan or use their judgment to ensure that they arrive to class on time. They become dependent on bells to tell them when they need to be in class and when they are late (Source B). On a more complex level, students rarely have to use their problem solving skills to come to their own conclusions. Learning in the classroom is typically centered around the memorization of facts and methods as opposed to critical thinking. Students are requested to learn the details and regurgitate them on test day, despite the fact that very little of it will be remembered later on. On the rare occasions when students are confronted by a critical thinking question, they often struggle as they have little practice in this a rea. If schools were to put more emphasis on individuality, where students could think freely and responsibly and contribute their own ideas, students would better themselves and societyShow MoreRelatedIndividuality vs. Conformity in High School Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesIt was the first day of school. I was eager to see most of my friends who I went to middle school with. There was one big thing that struck me; I noticed my friends changed. They started dressed differently, acted differently, changed their hair style, and even started wearing makeup. Since the transition fresh out of middle school and into high school, my friends wanted to look older. The biggest factor that bothered me was how they would conform to look like the sophomores, juniors, and seniorsRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Get Them Bullied, It Depends On The Bully870 Words   |  4 Pagesonly way to be accepted is by conforming which is not what we should be pushing for. It’s important to attack the problem by the root. A lot of times the bully may be going through something in their life outside of school which is why they’re lashing out at others. If all the school systems do to fix bullying is make their students wear uniforms, then what will they do once the cliques start to form. At this age, the nature of a child is the same in or out of a uniform and will find any and everythingRead MoreWhy Should We Take Gym Class?1275 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerned parents have raised the issue of individuality vs. conformity, or letting students choose whether or not they want to take the class vs. forcing them to, pertaining to physical education. Conformity is the wise choice-- schools should make gym a mandatory class every year. Because physical education improves a student’s health, encourages teamwork, and boosts academic performance, the sacrifice of individualism is well worth it in the end. Schools must make students conform when it comesRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1671 Words   |  7 Pages Hari Mainali South University School Uniform â€Æ' Abstract Freedom of dress is violated by restricting on school uniform. A school and university have their own dress code which does not require a particular dress. Some researcher and scholar suggest misbehavior in the student are the result of banning uniform. But misbehavior is what they acquired in their life. Banning uniform, student can exercise their right to express themselves freely. Student will be able to focus on education and saveRead MoreDifferences between Homeschooling and Public Education780 Words   |  3 PagesWrite a 1,050-to 1,250- word final draft of your compare-and-contrast essay. (Home school vs. public education). Introduction The differences between homeschooling and public education are huge but can be summarized along three lines: firstly, homeschooling is just that, where the parent or an employed governess teaches the child in a home, as compared to a, school setting. Secondly, the home setting employs its own voluntary rules and schedule of education teaching whatever the home educator desiresRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Be A Requirement For School892 Words   |  4 PagesUniforms: Should they be a Requirement for School While in a perfect world many educators say that school uniforms are an asset but I have to say school uniforms are detrimental to the students. School uniforms are a financial hardship on low-income families, make students a target for bullying, infringe on a students’ freedom of expression rights and they teach students a negative lesson about conformity. Show the opposing side of mandatory school uniforms it will be shown that the uniformRead MoreLord Of The Flies, By William Golding And The Perks Of Being A Wallflower1087 Words   |  5 PagesPeace by John Knowles for my AP U.S. History class while I read The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger over the summer. A Separate Peace explores the rivalry that can lie at the heart of many friendships and conveys the concept of individuality rather than conformity. Similarly, The Catcher in the Rye is the story of a teenage boy who despises the phoniness of society and fears becoming just another phony adult. Both novels share similar characteristics including their utilization of literary devicesRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Children1366 Words   |  6 Pagescausing this behavior. Primary school is an especially tough time for our young ones. If educators are really looking to put an end to bullying, they have to attack it from the root of the problem (Linder-Altman). What a chi ld is wearing will not get them bullied, it depends on the bully. Making uniforms mandatory in efforts to decrease bullying, only teaches our children that the only way to be accepted is by conforming which is not what we should be pushing for. It’s important to attack the problemRead MoreUniforms Should Not Wear School Uniforms1751 Words   |  8 PagesDuring every school year, the issue on if school officials should or should not entail students to wear uniforms in school is a constant debate among the parents and staff members in school districts. Just like any other controversial issues, there are two sides to the argument representing both the good and bad points that exist behind student being required to wear uniforms in school. Although it can take students time to adjust to transitioning into the policy of being required to wear uniformsRead MoreCurrently There Is A Growing Awareness Of The Prevalence1558 Words   |  7 Pagesregular bullying, whereas less than 10% of adolescents’ aged 17 report any bullying, including bullies and victimization of bullying, on a weekly basis. Baldry (2004) examined the effects of attitude toward bullying and victimization in Italian middle schools. Baldry (2004) aimed to establish young adolescents’ positive and negative judgments according to gender, toward a victim being bullied on the basis of if the victim was bullied in a group or alone; hypothesizing the gender of the bullies and victims

Marketing Mix of LG and SAMSUNG Free Essays

the student’s work and are not examples of our expert essay writers’ work. READ MORE Market segmentation and marketing mix of LG and SAMSUNG This Korean company, which was founded in 1958, combined other two Korean companies named Lucky and Goldstar. Therefore, LG was defined as the two companies, but currently, it means Lifes good. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mix of LG and SAMSUNG or any similar topic only for you Order Now LG Electronics is one of the leaders and innovators of technology in the world, and it focuses on consumer electronics, mobile communications and home appliances (OPPapers, 2010). SAMSUNG Founded in 1938, SAMSUNG has become one of the largest electronics companies in the world. As the most popular electronics company among consumers in the world, Samsung owns a good reputation. Moreover, Samsung occupies more than 20% of total export in South Korea (Samsungish, 2010). Currently, the innovation and high quality of Samsung’s products are recognized by the whole world (SAMSUNG, 2010a). 1. 2 Theory 1. 2. 1 Market Segmentation Market segmentation means that businesses divide their markets into a few sections with similar features, so that they can target different groups of consumers and produce merchandise or service for them. Market segmentation is classified into four methods which are geography, demography, psychology and behaviors (Hall et al, 2008). Marketing mix Marketing mix is defined as â€Å"those elements of a firm’s marketing strategy which are designed to meet the needs of its customers†. There are four factors which are called 4Ps, and they are product, price, promotion, and place (Hall et al, 2008:75). Aims The objective of this report is to analyze the differences of the market segmentation and marketing mix of LG and SAMSUNG. Findings LG LG, a well-known brand around the world, is to sell TVs to rural areas in China (Articlesbase, 2010). Home appliances such as TVs, washing machines, and refrigerators are LG electronics’ major products (LG Electronics, 2010). In addition, LG is adept in using advertisements to attract shoppers (Pakistan Gulf Economist, 2005). SAMSUNG Similarly, Samsung sells its products in the world. It not only sells to cities but also rural areas. In order to privilege consumers, Samsung holds promotional events to attract shoppers. However, Samsung has some products which LG does not produce, such as PC peripherals, print solutions, and memory cards (SAMSUNG, 2010b). Discussion Market segmentation LG An obvious way of segmenting market is geography. LG Electronics sells its merchandise spread all over the world, especially well-known countries, for example, LG digital television in China. Yucheng Zheng (2010), the CEO of LG Electronics (China) Co. , Ltd. , reported that LG launched a project to promote digital television in rural area in China. LG targets at the rural market and provides digital TVs and home applicants for rural consumers. The emphasis of rural segment is â€Å"price competitiveness†. LG is going to reduce the price of its products so that it can develop well (Articlesbase, 2010). SAMSUNG Samsung focuses on rural area as well, for example, the Samsung color TV in rural area and urban area of China. This segment involves â€Å"mass market, low- and medium-end units to rural customers or high-end products to urban customers† (EssayForStudent, n. d). To deal with an extensive product line, a mass market capacitates Samsung to satisfy consumer needs. Because Samsung enters China market late, it faces challenges to be succeeded in mass market. Furthermore, the rural market, which is approximately 80% of the whole market, is aimed by Samsung via the â€Å"low-end units†. However, because of the previous businesses of â€Å"low-cost, low-end color TVs†, Samsung had to exploit a new â€Å"high-end TVs† in urban market. With the remarkable improvement of people’s living standard, the quantity of high-end TVs in urban market in China is increasing though the segment is not big (EssayForStudent, n. d). Marketing Mix LG Product LG pays attention to upper and upper middle classes and provides products for those consumers. High quality and good service of LG products are so progressive that products are output to developed countries (Pakistan ; Gulf Economist, 2005). LG Electronics (2010) in China shows that the products include TV audio video, mobile phones, home appliances, IT products, and air conditioning (LG Electronics, 2010). Price The pricing strategy of LG is â€Å"cost plus fixed mark up†. Following the pricing policy, LG’s formula is â€Å"import cost + reasonable gross profit†. The formula is used to cover the market cost and make profits in any market including China (Pakistan ; Gulf Economist, 2005). An LG’s cell phone called Lollipop cost RMB 2,000 in 2009, when it first appeared in China. Promotion One effective way of promotion is advertisement. As a famous brand, LG advertises its products to get promoted (Pakistan ; Gulf Economist, 2005). LG is accustomed to inviting famous stars to advertise its merchandise. For instance, Kim Tae-Hee, a famous actress, advertised for LG mobile phone and camera. Her advertisements attract young shoppers in China to buy relative merchandise. Place LG’s merchandise is sold throughout the world, especially developed regions. There are numbers of LG retailers in big cities including Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. In addition, LG sells its products in home appliance interlink retail enterprises such as Suning and Gome in China. SAMSUNG Product As same as LG, Samsung also provides mobile devices, TV audio video and home appliances for Chinese shoppers. However, there are some products that LG lacks, such as camera camcorder, PC peripherals, print solutions, and memory cards (SAMSUNG, 2010b). Moreover, â€Å"focusing on the future of wireless communications, Samsung launched futuristic products such as the mobile hone watch, the PDA-phone, the digital camera cum mobile phone, the MP3 mobile phone and its latest model of 3G mobile phone† (123HelpMe, 2010). Price The price of Samsung products is similar with LG. For example, Samsung F480 Mobile Phone, which has â€Å"223 MB Memory, 5 Mega-Pixel Camera with 4 X Digital Zoom†, cost RMB 993-RMB 2,325. Another example, â€Å"Samsung UA40C7000 40â € ³ 3D LED TV, which is 40†³ Screen, Full HD, High Definition, Widescreen, HDMI, Internet, and 1920 x 1080 pixels†, cost RMB 9,320- RMB 15,656 (MyShopping, n. d. ). Promotion Samsung constantly holds sales promotional events. For example, recently, there is an event called â€Å"Samsung Smart TV Promotion† in HongKong. Customers can get a â€Å"FREE Samsung 1TB external Hard Drive and 3D Starter Gift Pack upon purchasing eligible model of 3D LEDTV and 3D LCD TV† from 16th October to 30th November (SAMSUNG, 2010c). The promotion is able to help Samsung expand its sales. Place Samsung sells its products by retailers and home appliance interlinks retail enterprises Suning and Gome as well as LG. Nevertheless, Samsung not only sells products in cities, but also in countryside. Samsung in China took part in a policy named â€Å"home appliances to rural areas† in 2009. This policy was to add profits to the masses that lived in rural areas. Samsung was one of the companies that help rural people improve their living standard. Conclusion In short, the report involves the background of the two competitive companies, theory of market segmentation and marketing mix and comparison between the two companies. Via discussing market segmentation and marketing mix of LG and Samsung, the superiorities of the two companies are obvious to be found. The general strength of Samsung is better than LG, so LG has to be enhanced. Recommendation According to the analyses above, LG is recommended to improve its promotional events so that there will be more consumers to purchase its merchandise. Furthermore, LG is supposed to expand the range of its products to different fields. However, Samsung should classify its segmentation more clearly. As a result, if the two companies reduce the price, the demand of their electronic products will increase. Read more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/marketing/marketing-mix-of-lg-and-samsung-marketing-essay. php#ixzz2OTcQ9YYp How to cite Marketing Mix of LG and SAMSUNG, Essay examples

Criminology Theories And Delinquency Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Criminology Theories And Delinquency. Answer: Criminal justice theories Criminology theories provide an empirical insight into the factors that are important to explain crime and delinquency. The theory in focus in this paper is the labelling theory. This theory was among the first criminology theories to address both criminality aspect by an individual and the impact of societal reaction on criminal behaviours (Davies, Croall Tyrer, 2010). For a behavior or action to be considered a crime there must be laws in place. For example, during the prohibition era, it was illegal to associate yourself with anything that involves alcohol. This included possessing, manufacturing or distribution of alcohol. Individuals who possessed, manufactured or distributed alcohol were deemed to be criminals . Labelling theorists suggests that a complete picture of deviance or crime cannot be attained just examining the individuals committing the crime and their characteristics (Haugen Musser, 2009). It is common to think that when we refer to a theory in Criminology, it seeks to explain the causes of crime by exploring factors and actions of the individual who is considered guilty of this. Nothing is further from reality, the theory of labeling explains how the social reaction is that which labels someone as a criminal and not the criminal act itself. The labeling theory explains how the community classifies who is not a delinquent and who is a delinquent. Today the theory does not have the same prominence as in the years 1960s and 70s(Inciardi, 2010). This theory uses two concepts that are very interesting which relate to deviation , which are the reaction of the society and lkabelling as a delinquent. This are primary and secondary deviation. The society expresses displeasure on a criminal and puts a label on the person who commits it. The process by which a subject is labeled is simple, with one example is enough to understand how this works. The same theory states that we ar e conditioned by social reaction and act accordingly. Therefore, if society puts a certain label, it is most likely that we act in that way (Merino, 2013). Hypothesis Can the character of a person determine if they are criminals? Research design In research design, various strategies were used to integrate the components of the study in a logical and coherent way. A questionnaire was used to collect the data in which population demographics was used to make the research in relation to crime. The questionnaires had different questions that were based on having people to get the population design (Merino, 2013). Questionnaire General information Which se(gender) are you representing? .................................................. Number of years serving of the respondent. Are you gang affiliated? Yes ( ) ( ) Others-Specify Number of inner city Hispanics that are in criminal activities . Why are young men being involved in criminal activities? What is the percentage population that is being involved in crime? Why does youre department involve in criminal risk management? What duration are criminal offenders stay? Does your family have a crime history? Are you affiliated to any criminal gang in the country ? Hypothesis Test Based on the hypothesis in this study, the conclusion is that the character of a person can determine if someone is a criminal. The hypothesis above is factual, given that the character of a person is based on numerous environmental, social and ecponomic conditions upon which a person is raised. For juveniles growing in hoods, most of them end up in crime. This is due to many factors including the fact that peer influence and other factors are prime in moulding the character. Independent Variables The independent variable identified in this study ranged from the demographic changes, age , subject, religious background, role models, gang membership and heroes. It is seen in the questionnaire that the ages in which one is prone to crime is between the ages of 12- 25. Most of these men who are Hispanics and blacks are affiliated to various gangs. The gangs fight for control over drugs areas and other crimes like controlling prostitution money. They induct themselves in the gangs and start the criminal activities (Parker, 2015). They are also from various religions which includes, Christianity, Islamic religions and other dont profess any religion. The sample of subjects that the people choose from includes the incarceration sentence, counselling, pardon and other methods of dealing with crime (Merino, 2013). Although the questionnaires were the main way of identifying and collecting information. Others included; interviews, observations and telephone calls. Limitations to the study There are various limitations related to the study. The limitations include; Cost of doing the survey or the study Gang threats while conducting the study Lack of interest from the interviews Long working hours Illiteracy from the gang members some of whom were unable to fill the questionnaires appropriately References Davies, M., Croall, H., Tyrer, J. (2010).Criminal justice. New York: Pearson Longman. Haugen, D., Musser, S. (2009).Criminal justice. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Inciardi, J. (2010).Criminal justice. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Merino, N. (2013).Criminal Justice. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Parker, B. (2015).Criminal Justice. Open Road Media Mystery Thriller.

 Epoca precolombina Essay Example

  Epoca precolombina Essay La coca trasciende desde la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca precolombina hasta nuestros dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½as. En los à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ltimos tiempos se le ha dado un uso diferente al que tenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a en la antigà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½edad, sin embargo su cultivo es consiente ya desde la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca precolombina. Durante la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca de las grandes culturas andinas, la coca era cultivada de manera racional en las zonas del Cuzco, Pancartambo, Zongo, Cayapa, Totora. El arbusto se producà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a por un sistema comunitario relacionando su cultivo con el control, un mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ximo de pasos ecolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gicos y mandando colonos de las zonas productoras, ya durante el imperio incaico como un cultivo de tipo estatal1 Podemos apreciar la importancia que la coca tuvo en las à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½pocas pasadas. 2.1.2 Epoca de la Colonia We will write a custom essay sample on   Epoca precolombina specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on   Epoca precolombina specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on   Epoca precolombina specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer La à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca de la colonia fue la precursora para la importancia que la coca adquiere en la actualidad como parte de la tradicià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. Durante la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca de la colonia, el uso de la coca mediante la masticacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n llamado acullico se expandià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½pidamente. La sobrexplotacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la mano de la mano indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gena las encomiendas, en los obrajes y especialmente en la mita de las minas hizo de la coca un alimento fundamental en la dieta de los indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½genas. La coca por sus caracterà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sticas de uso, tamaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o y conservacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n permità ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a ser utilizada en largas y agotadoras jornadas al interior de las minas, provee proteà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nas, vitaminas, quitaba el sueà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o y era un antifatigante2 El acullico en la actualidad es sobre todo practicado en el à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rea rural pero ha sido incorporada en el area urbana 2.1.3 La coca en la republica. El valor de la coca se hace notable en el periodo de la Repà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½blica, por esto se acentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an el numero de haciendas pertenecientes a un solo propietario. De cierta manera es en el periodo de la Repà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½blica, donde se empieza a conocer la coca con un valor econà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mico y no como hasta entonces habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a sido conocida, incrementando de esta manera la importancia que se le da en la actualidad, e iniciando los cultivos con fines lucrativos. Ya por 1928 se acentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a en el sector rural un proceso de concentracià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la tierra, es decir, la formacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de varias haciendas pertenecientes a un solo propietario. Paradà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½jicamente, eran propietarios aquellos que en 1895 no tenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an ni una sola hacienda. Este es el caso, de Josà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Marà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a Gamarra, que en 1825 no poseà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a haciendas y que en 1928 era propietario del 25% de las haciendas de coca en coripata llegando a poseer el 32% en 1952 3 El interà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s por el cultivo de la hoja de coca en haciendas se incrementà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ en gran porcentaje durante la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca de la Repà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½blica, sobre todo por los terratenientes, este incremento se dio notablemente entre los feudales, Sin embargo esto dio lugar a que muchos indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½genas se quedaran sin tierras, las cuales pasaban a manos de los seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ores feudales, quienes se convertà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an en terratenientes, para los cuales trabajaban los indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½genas. En 1871 el gobierno de Melgarejo, dictà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ la Ley de Exvinculacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n que permità ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a la venta de tierras de las comunidades. En realidad esto fue un mecanismo para expropiar la tierra a los indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½genas y concentrarla en manos de la clase terrateniente propietaria de grandes haciendas4 L a Ley de Exvinculacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n, fue el inicio a lo que posteriormente serà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a parte de la revolucià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de 1952, lo que no ingresa en este tema, pero vale la pena mencionar, pues si bien en la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca de la Republica, genero ingresos para el gobierno, fue ademà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s causa de un hecho histà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rico para Bolivia. 2.1.4 Consumo y uso de la hoja de coca hasta el aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o 1994. A continuacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n podremos observar un resumen del consumo y produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la hoja de coca, demanda que satisfacà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a a los masticadores, por lo que podemos decir que era un consumo y produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n dentro de lo que seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ala el autor, legal. Los denominados masticadores, consumen una demanda de 12mil TM de coca cada aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o, estudio efectuado en 1981 en siete departamentos de nuestro paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s con excepcià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de Pando y Beni. Hasta 1992 se aprecia un lento crecimiento, donde existà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a un volumen de 200mil tambores promedio por aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o Otra evaluacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n efectuada en el aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o 1993, seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ala que en el à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rea de los yungas existà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an un total de 12mil hectà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½reas destinadas al cultivo de coca, produciendo asà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 12mil TM de hoja de coca Otra observacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ala que un aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o despuà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s, el mercado legal de Villa Fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tima comercializà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ un volumen de 135251 tambores, esta produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n cae para los meses de agosto, septiembre, octubre5. Podemos mencionar que el cultivo promedio durante estos aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os fue de 12mil hectà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½reas, lo que producirà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a 12mil TM de coca, alcanzando a una produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n anual de 200mil tambores de coca legal, tomando en cuenta que un tambor contiene 50 libras, la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n tendrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½amos10 millones de libras anuales hasta 1994. 2.2 La transformacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de coca en cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na Fue el laboratorista italiano Enrique Pizzi dueà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o de la Botica y droguerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a boliviana, quien procesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na en 1857, informacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n que logra una mayor precisià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n en el tema coca- cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, pues en la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ptica que la prohà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½be se ha condenado el uso tradicional pues se la enmarca en la lista de sustancias controladas por las Naciones Unidas, dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndole un carà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cter virtual de droga. En realidad, el à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½aislamientoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ del alcaloide de una planta, de la manera como sucede dentro de un laboratorio cientà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico, esta mucho mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s cerca de la creacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n que del descubrimiento. Dentro de una planta el principio activo existe naturalmente integrado con otros elementos de los que hay que, efectivamente, aislar mediante tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cnicas artificiales. El producto aislado que hasta entonces no existà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a de forma libre en el universo, es en esencia una fabricacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n y entonces, serà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s apropiado hablar de Pizzi y/o Niegan(en este punto da lo mismo) ya no como descubridores ni creadores sino como los fabricantes, los primeros, de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na.6 Este pensamiento puede ser acusado de no estudiar la relacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n coca cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na en un contexto cultural, pues el alcaloide obtenido a partir de la coca, puede producir efectos indeseables dentro este contexto, es asà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ que no es extraà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o escuchar que en la proposicià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n que seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ala que la coca al poseer este alcaloide, sea considerada droga, pensamiento que es propio de las Naciones unidas. 2.2.1 Primeros usos de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na. Despuà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s de ensalzar las propiedades curativas de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y descubrir que era remedio contra la dependencia de la morfina, heroà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y alcohol, se descubrià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ que su no-regulacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a sido causa de una nueva adiccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n, trayendo consecuencias econà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½micas, sociales y geopolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ticas. El mismo mundo cientà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico que ensalzà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, poco a poco, fue descubriendo que el uso desmesurado del alcaloide podrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a producir ciertos efectos indeseables y ante esa evidencia, una injustificable pirueta conceptual.7 Los primeros usos de la cocina fueron como ya mencionamos para contrarrestar otras drogas, se convirtià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a este alcaloide en una droga maravillosa, sin estigma moral, ni regulaciones, comenzando de esta manera su exportacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n desde el Perà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a diferentes lugares como ser Europa y Estados Unidos, sin embargo su mayor exportador fue Java (colonia Holandesa. Ya en 1885 la casa de Merck de Alemania empleaba como insumo la hoja de coca para la elaboracià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de tableta, elixires, jarabes. Al igual que su competidora la Parke Davis que incluso introdujo al mercado cigarrillos de la hoja de coca. Publicando incluso una monografà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a dirigida a los mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½dicos sobre sus virtudes. Ya en esta à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca se extiende el uso de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na como anestà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sico. ,,,Siguiendo la evolucià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n cronolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gica de los usos de la hoja de coca, ya en 1886 un farmacà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½utico de Georgia, John Styth Pemberton, producà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a un jarabe que contenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, cafeà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y extracto de nuez de cola mezclado con agua y gas carbà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nico: la historia presenciaba el nacimiento de la Coca Cola, que en poco tiempo se convertirà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a en una poderosa multinacional(.) En un principio la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na era elemento fundamental de la fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rmula de la Coca cola; asà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, la chispa de la vida hacà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a desde entonces referencia a esa misteriosa cualidad antidepresiva que aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n se mantiene. A partir de 1921 se informa que la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na habrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a sido remplazada por cafeà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, manteniendo sin embargo como elemento sustitutivo un extracto de coca saporizanteà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 El consumo de esta nueva droga se mantiene a pesar de la prohibicià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n pero en 1930 cae, no por la ya mencionada prohibicià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n sino por investigaciones farmacolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gicas y por el reemplazo delas anfetaminas, droga con menor precio econà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mico y que reunà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a otras ventajas. Podemos notar que el consumo de este alcaloide fue popularizado, incluso se la introdujo en el mercado de una manera libre, y con gran marketing, al mismo tiempo podemos apreciar que al conocer su otra clara fue prohibida, por lo tanto prohibiendo asà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de su materia prima la hoja de coca. 2.2.2 El boom de la demanda de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na. El nacimiento del siglo XX, los avances tecnolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gicos, los conflictos sociales, culturales, trajeron consigo el consumo creciente de estupefacientes, los problemas de una sociedad altamente competitiva se expresaron en el incontrolado uso de estimulantes y antidepresivos. Podrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a identificarse la finalizacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cada de los 60 con el Inicio del boom de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, con sus consecuencias perversas, tanto para los paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ses productores como consumidores.9 Tres factores ayudan a explicar el vivo interà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s que empieza a producir el mercado norteamericano por el uso de la coca como remplazante de la marihuana. Podrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½amos decir que esta droga logro introducirse en el mercado, debido a que las fuerzas represorias iban concentradas en la lucha contra la marihuana y la LDS. el primer factor, es cierta negligencia de las fuerzas represivas, que desde 1965 concretan sus esfuerzos en combatir la circulacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n del cà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½amo y LSD, lo que permite el ingreso de toneladas de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na a precios no prohibitivos.10 Obviamente al estar la mayor parte de las fuerzas represarà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½as concentradas en las drogas ya mencionadas, fue fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cil la introduccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, y mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n lograr que tornase a ser una de las drogas mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s consumidas. Existe tambià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n un segundo factor en el cual se menciona la estructura de las mafias que organizan el manejo o narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico de las drogas. El segundo factor se relacionarà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a con la estructuracià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de las mafias, en principio formadas por los cubanos anti castristas. Y posteriormente por la participacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de los servicios secretos en diferentes tipos de operaciones. Este relacionamiento oscuro del trà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico de drogas con servicios de inteligencia, es tambià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n confirmado por el testimonio del ex agente de la DEA Michael Levine*.11 Podemos mencionar que a partir de esta estructuracià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n se organizà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ lo que hoy por hoy conocemos como narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico, logrando crear una cadena interminable y en algunos casos identificables, con estructuras internas que trabajan cuidadosamente cuyo objetivo es el factor econà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mico que emana a partir del narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico, burlando en ocasiones varias, las fuerzas anti narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico. Podemos mencionar como tercer factor abarca el nacimiento de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y la filosofà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a de la sociedad que la consume. el tercer factor mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s genà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rico, se vincula con una erosià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de valores autoritarios, derivado de una filosofà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a de la sociedad del bienestar. A diferencia de la sociedad consumidora de marihuana -constituida por gente disconforme con las pautas del consumo en masa- la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na desde su nacimiento constituyà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ un producto de consumo en masas.12 Podemos decir que al ser la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na una droga que fue aceptada libremente por la sociedad basà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndose en sus poderes medicinales curativos, se constituyo en un producto de consumo en masas, por lo que despuà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s al ser prohibido por sus efectos bilaterales, ya era conocido y constaba de muchas personas adictas a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½l, ademà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s, podemos mencionar como causas de las cuales emana este tercer factor, los dos factores anteriormente mencionados. A finales de los aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os 80 aparecià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ en el mercado una nueva droga, llamada crack, droga que por su composicià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n dentro de la cual destacaba como elemento la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y efectos de la misma logra mayor adiccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. La situacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n se agravo () debido al consumo del crack, una especie de pasta de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na elaborada quà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½micamente mezclando la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na con bicarbonato de sodio y producià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndola mediante fusià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. Esta nueva droga ganà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½pidamente adeptos gracias a su menor precio, siendo ademà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s mucho mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s adictiva que la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y produciendo severos daà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os al organismo en el corto plazo.13 Por esto entre los aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os 90- 92 se aprecia una disminucià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n en el consumo de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, sin embargo el aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o siguiente, las estadà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sticas de consumo de este alcaloide, se incrementaron, siendo parte de este incremento los adolescentes, quienes cambiaron su actitud ante el consumo, la juventud ha perdido el temor o simplemente es indiferente ante el peligro que implica el consumo de drogas( revistaThe Christian Science Monitor, febrero de 1994). 2.2.3 El aumento de la oferta de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na Como ya vimos en las dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cadas de los 80 y 90, la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de coca y cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na tuvo un incremento, sobre todo en paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ses como Colombia, Perà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, y Bolivia. en Perà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de coca ha pasado de 30000Has. En 1980 a 130000 Has. en 1992. En Colombia a cerca de 50000 Has.; sin embargo es el mayor procesador de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na utilizando como insumo la pasta base que se produce en Bolivia y Perà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. En Bolivia , la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n a pasado de 12000 Has. a 47000Has. en 1993. En 1987 llegà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ hasta su techo, con un à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rea mayor, pero como producto de la polà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tica de erradicacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de cocales la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n ha descendido notablemente En el caso de Bolivia,(), una produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n excedentaria de 70000 T. De hoja de coca podrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a derivar en la fabricacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de 791 toneladas de pasta, lo que a la vez permitirà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a la fabricacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de 253 toneladas de pasta base y finalmente la refinacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de93 toneladas de clorhidrato de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na.14 La produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la hoja de coca y de su derivado, la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, se ha incrementado notablemente, lo que llegarà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a a ser incongruente, pues se ha prohibido su produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n debido al alcaloide que produce la ya mencionada droga. Los ingresos del circuito mencionado anteriormente en la cita bibliogrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fica describe citas astronà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½micas, beneficià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndose con la demanda y oferta ya sea de la pasta, como de la pasta base o del clorhidrato de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, los que se sumergen en este mundo. los que se benefician sustancialmente del aumento de la demanda y consiguientemente de la oferta son los nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cleos de empresarios, llamados Carteles que ademà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s generan violencia y corrompen las estructuras jurà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½dicas, policiales, y polà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ticas de los Estados.15 Podemos ademà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½alar que al generar , el narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico, una destructuracià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de los Estados y beneficiando a Nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cleos empresariales privados, haciendo a los paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ses en general mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s pobres, hay una institucià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n que se beneficia indirectamente o directamente del trafico de drogas, nos referimos a los bancos, debido a que del flujo monetario derivado del narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico, una parte mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nima se queda en los paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ses productores y la parte mayor del mismo, circula entre los paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ses consumidores. 2.3 La economà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a de la hoja de coca y sus derivados en Bolivia. A fines de los aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os 70, Bolivia ingresà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ en una profunda crisis estructural que reflejaba el agotamiento del modelo capitalista, anclà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndose en una produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n minera y agraria tradicional. En 1985, gracias a la Nueva Polà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tica Econà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mica,(FMI), se logrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ controlar la inflacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. Sin embargo hubo ausencia de inversiones por lo que no se dinamizà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ la economà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a logrando asà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ un incremento en la pobreza de grandes sectores de la poblacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. 2.3.1 Estructura agraria. Como sabemos el territorio boliviano presenta tres à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½reas predefinidas: Altiplano, Valles y Trà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½pico. Del total del territorio nacional, menos del 3% esta destinado a actividades agrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½colas; el 51 esta ocupado con bosques y alrededor del 33% es de pastos y arbustos; solo una fraccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de esta à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ltima parte es apta para el desarrollo de actividades pecuarias y puede ser destinada a incrementar la frontera agrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cola y el desarrollo de la ganaderà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a.16 A partir de la revolucià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de 1952 y la Reforma Agraria, se logro que los indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½genas tuviesen sus propias tierras, con lo que el incremento de la agricultura fue notable, sin embargo, podemos percibir que nuestro territorio a pesar de ser rico para la explotacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n agrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cola, es poco aprovechado. Otro fenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½meno observado en la agricultura es la estructura dual que se presenta en el mismo, pues esta se divide, en la agricultura tradicional y en la moderna, distinguià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndose una de la otra de la siguiente manera: La agricultura tradicional se caracteriza por tener como unidad de produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n el minifundio, con formas de produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n atrasadas en las que predomina el arado a traccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n animal, no tiene acceso al crà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½dito formal, su produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n se destina bà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sicamente al mercado interno y al autoconsumo. La agricultura moderna, predominante en la parte oriental, se caracteriza por poseer grandes extensiones de tierra, usar nuevas tecnologà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½as, tener acceso al crà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½dito formal, y destinar su produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n principalmente a la exportacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n y a la agroindustria nacional17. Podemos mencionar que la principal limitacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de nuestra actividad agrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cola es la de la agroindustria, y la divisià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de una estructura en dos partes extremas y desequilibradas.

Free Essays on Poverty And Middleclass

Budgets It is amazing how a few thousand dollars can make such a huge difference in people’s lives. Looking at both budget sheets you can easily tell the difference in lifestyle between the two. It was very hard figuring out a budget sheet for the Blue Family because cuts had to be made in important parts of the budget sheet that people need, like personal things. On the other hand the Whites budget sheet was very easy to fill out. They had plenty of income and you could make their living very comfortable. The Whites budget sheet was very easy to look over and make suggestions for. Do to the income the whites bring in, they live most comfortably. They are the type of family that has no worries by the end of the month because the have plenty of money saved away for emergencies. You can make an assumption that the white’s house hold is very laid back and happy. For the most part when families don’t have to deal with the stress of not having enough money they are usually a happier family. When families have to dill with financial problems they usually have a lot of problems like Divorces, fights, children selling drugs, and bankruptcy. â€Å" One out of four children in the United States (23%) are being raised in single parent families due to financial problems† (Institute for Children and Poverty). The Blue family is looking at an up hill battle with their budget. Their financial situation is not a good on. With the amount of income the blue family brings in they are not living comfortably. A lot of the thing this family will have to go without. But what is most important unlike the White family the Blue families’ children will have to go without a lot of thing children should receive. They will not be able to go shopping and by name brand cloths. Also they won’t be able to go to the movies or by magazines. This is going to cause problems for them socially when they go to school or out in public. With the amount of ... Free Essays on Poverty And Middleclass Free Essays on Poverty And Middleclass Budgets It is amazing how a few thousand dollars can make such a huge difference in people’s lives. Looking at both budget sheets you can easily tell the difference in lifestyle between the two. It was very hard figuring out a budget sheet for the Blue Family because cuts had to be made in important parts of the budget sheet that people need, like personal things. On the other hand the Whites budget sheet was very easy to fill out. They had plenty of income and you could make their living very comfortable. The Whites budget sheet was very easy to look over and make suggestions for. Do to the income the whites bring in, they live most comfortably. They are the type of family that has no worries by the end of the month because the have plenty of money saved away for emergencies. You can make an assumption that the white’s house hold is very laid back and happy. For the most part when families don’t have to deal with the stress of not having enough money they are usually a happier family. When families have to dill with financial problems they usually have a lot of problems like Divorces, fights, children selling drugs, and bankruptcy. â€Å" One out of four children in the United States (23%) are being raised in single parent families due to financial problems† (Institute for Children and Poverty). The Blue family is looking at an up hill battle with their budget. Their financial situation is not a good on. With the amount of income the blue family brings in they are not living comfortably. A lot of the thing this family will have to go without. But what is most important unlike the White family the Blue families’ children will have to go without a lot of thing children should receive. They will not be able to go shopping and by name brand cloths. Also they won’t be able to go to the movies or by magazines. This is going to cause problems for them socially when they go to school or out in public. With the amount of ...

Compare two Member States participation and representation in the Research Paper

Compare two Member States participation and representation in the European Parliament. Questions to answer are on Details section - Research Paper Example My countries of choice are Czech Republic and Belgium. The choice for comparison of the two European member states is because of their variance in entry period. Belgium is one of the founding nations having been present during the formation in 1952, while Czech came much later in 2004. Czech Republic is a young nation formed in 1993 after the split of Czechoslovakia. Belgium became independent in 1830. The time of independence is quite different for the two nations and could have also influenced the social-political and economical development for each nation. The political structure for the two nations also varies. Belgium is a federal state and its political system is based on parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy as the head of state. The government is further divided into the regional government and community government. The kings hold the executive powers, while the prime minister is the head of government and cabinet. The prime minister is appointed by the monarch. The federal parliament has two chambers: the House of Representatives and the senate (The Belgian House of Representatives and Senate, 2004). Czech Republic on the other hand is a parliamentary democracy with separate legislative, executive and judicial powers. The parliament consists of the chamber of deputies and the senate. Unlike Belgium, the government is a presidential system whereby the president is elected on a five year term. It also has a prime minister appointed by the president (Prokop, 2010). The European parliament comprises of 24 representatives who are elected from Belgium. Proportional representation is applied in the electoral system. In this election (European parliament), Belgium comprises of three electoral districts. The system used is referred to as d’Hondt formula and there is no limitation for the representation. After the election, people are still given the chance to overrule the party ruling candidates (European Election Database, n.d.).