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The Montgomery Bus Boycott Essay Example For Students

The Montgomery Bus Boycott Essay The Montgomery transport blacklist changed the manner in which individuals lived and responded toeach other. The American social equality development started quite a while back, as earlyas the seventeenth century, with blacks and whites all fighting slaverytogether. The pinnacle of the social liberties development came during the 1950s startingwith the effective transport blacklist in Montgomery Alabama. The common rightsmovement was lead by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who lectured peacefulness andlove for your adversary. Love your adversaries, we don't intend to cherish them as a companion or personal. Wemean what the Greeks called agape-an unengaged love for all humankind. Thislove is our directing perfect and dearest network our definitive objective. As westruggle here in Montgomery, we are discerning that we have infinite companionshipand that the universe twists toward equity. We are moving from the dark nightof isolation to the brilliant sunrise of satisfaction, from the 12 PM of Egyptiancaptivity to the sparkling light of Canaan freedomexplained Dr. Ruler. We will compose a custom article on The Montgomery Bus Boycott explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In the Cradle of the Confederacy, life for the white and the coloredcitizens was totally isolated. Isolated schools, eateries, publicwater wellsprings, carnivals, and city transports were a piece of regular day to day existence inMontgomery, Alabama. Each individual working a transport line ought to give equalaccommodationsin such a way as to isolate the white individuals from Negroes.On Montgomerys transports, dark travelers were required by city law to sit in theback of the isolated transport. Negroes were required to pay their charge at thefront of the transport, at that point get off and reboard from the back of the transport. The frontrow seats were saved for white individuals, which left the rear of the transport or nomans land for the blacks. There was no sign announcing the seatingarrangements of the transports, however everybody knew them. The Montgomery transport blacklist began probably the best battle for civilrights throughout the entire existence of America. Here in the old capital of the Confederacy, propelled by one womens fearlessness; assembled and sorted out by scores of grass-establishes pioneers in houses of worship, network associations, and political clubs; calledto new dreams of their best prospects by a youthful dark evangelist namedMartin Luther King, Jr., a people was stiring to its fate. In 1953, the dark network of Baton Rouge, Louisiana successfullypetitioned their city chamber to end isolated seating on open transports. Thenew mandate permitted the city transports to be situated on a first-come, first-servedbasis, with the blacks despite everything starting their seating at the back of the transport. The transport drivers, who were all white, disregarded the new law and proceeded tosave situates before the transport for white travelers. With an end goal to demandthat the city follow the new statut e, the dark network arranged a one-dayboycott of Baton Rouges transports. Before the day's over, Louisianas attorneygeneral concluded that the new mandate was illicit and decided that the busdrivers didn't need to change the guest plans on the transports. A quarter of a year later a subsequent transport blacklist was begun by Reverend T.J. Jemison. The new blacklist endured around multi week, but then it constrained the cityofficials to settle. The trade off was to change the seating on the busesto first-come, first-served seating with two side seats in advance held forwhites, and one long seat in the back for the blacks. The transport blacklist in Baton Rouge was one of the principal times a network ofblacks had composed direct activity against isolation and won. The triumph inBaton Rouge was a little one in contrast with other common right fights andvictories. The difficult work of Reverend Jemison and different coordinators of theboycott, had broad ramifications on a development that was simply beginning totake root in America. In 1954 the milestone instance of Brown versus Leading group of Educationof Topeka descion by the Supreme Court eclipsed Baton Rouge, yet the ideasand exercises were not overlooked. They were before long utilized 400 miles away inMontgomery, Alabama, where the most significant blacklist of the common rightsmovement was going to start. Separate however equivalent began in 1896 with a case called Plessyv. Ferguson 163 U.S. 537 (1896). On June 2, 1896 Homer Adolph Plessy, who wasone-eighth Negro and had all the earmarks of being white, boarded and took an empty seat in acoach saved for white individuals on the East Louisiana railroad in New Orleansbound for Covington, Louisiana. The conductor requested Plessy to move to a coachreserved for minorities individuals, yet Plessy cannot. With the guide of a policeofficer , Plessy was persuasively shot out from the train, secured up in the NewOrleans prison, and was brought under the watchful eye of Judge Ferguson on the charge of violatingLouisianas state isolation laws. In asserting Plessys conviction, theSupreme Court of Louisiana maintained the state law. Plessy then took the case tothe Supreme Court of America on a writ of blunder ( a more seasoned type of offer thatwas canceled in 1929) saying that Louisianas isolation law was illegal as a refusal of the Thirteenth Am endment and equivalent protectionclause of the Fourteenth Amendment.The Plessy v. Ferguson case descionstated that different yet equivalent was fine as long as the lodging were equalin standard. Case after case the different however equivalent regulation was followed yet notreexamined. The equivalent piece of the convention had no genuine importance, on the grounds that theSupreme Court would not look past any lower court property to discover if thesegregated offices for Negroes were equivalent to those for whites. Numerous Negroaccommodations were supposed to be equivalent when in truth they were certainly second rate. The different yet equivalent precept is one of the remarkable legends of Americanhistory for it is quite often obvious that while in reality discrete, thesefacilities are a long way from equivalent. All through the isolated open institutions,Negroes have been precluded equivalent offer from securing charge upheld administration and facilitiesstated President Trumans Committee on Civil Rights in 1947. In Topeka, Kansas the Browns, a Negro family, lived just four blacksfrom the white Sumner Elementary School. Linda Carol Brown, a multi year oldgirl needed to go to an isolated school twenty-one squares from her home becauseKansass state isolation laws permitted urban communities to isolate Negro and whitestudents in open grade schools. Oliver Brown and twelve different guardians of Negro youngsters asked that theirchildren be admitted to the all-white Sumner School, which was a lot nearer tohome. The standard rejected them confirmation, and the guardians recorded a suit in afederal area court against the Topeka Board of Education. The suitcontended that the refusal to concede the youngsters to the school was a disavowal ofthe equivalent insurance clauseof the Fourteenth Amendment. The descion ofthe standard lead to the introduction of the most powerful and significant case ofthe Twentieth Century, Brown v. Leading group of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). The government locale court was thoughtful to the Negro reason and agreedthat isolation in state funded schools negatively affected Negro kids, butthe court felt binded by the descion in Plessy v. Ferguson, and denied todeclare isolation illegal. Mr. Earthy colored at that point took the case straightforwardly tothe Supreme Court of the United States. Different cases including school isolation were making there approach to theSupreme Court from three unique states-Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina-andthe District of Columbia. The entirety of the cases showed up around a similar time as theBrown case. The cases all raised a similar issue, and the state consolidatedthem under Brown v. Leading body of Education. The equivalent assurance provision of theFourteenth Amendment is a limitation that applies just to the states, so thecase from the District of Columbia was laid on the fair treatment proviso of theFifth Amendment which is material to the Federal government. The case wascalled Bolling v. Sharpe, 349 U.S. 294 (1955), and had a similar result as theBrown case. Before the Supreme Court the contentions against isolation werepresented by Thurgood Marshall, committee for the National Association for theAdvancement for Colored People (NAACP). The NAACP is an association which haddirected five cases through the courts and which had won numerous lawful cases forAmerican Negroes. The states depended on fundamentally Plessy v. Ferguson in arguingfor the continuation of isolation in government funded schools. The Supreme Court Opinion proclamation conveyed by Mr. Boss JusticeWarren expressed thatWe infer that in the field of government funded training the convention of isolated yet equivalent has no spot. Separate instructive offices areinherently inconsistent. In this way, we hold that the offended parties and others of thesimilarly arranged for whom the activities have been brought are, by reason of thesegregation griped, denied of the equivalent assurance of the laws guaranteedby the Fourteenth Amendment. This air makes superfluous any discussionwhether such isolation likewise damages the Due Process Clause of the FourteenthAmendment. The Brown case was important in making room towards full equalityfor the Negroes in America. Despite the fact that the Brown case didn't legitimately upset thePlessy case descion, it made it superbly evident that isolation in territories otherthan state funded instruction couldn't proceed. The Brown case empowered Negroes tofight calmly for their opportun ity through protests, showings, boycotts,and the activity of their democratic rights. With the Brown case descion and theend of school isolation came the beginning of the fall of racial oppression. On December 1, 1955, the activity of Mrs. Rosa Parks offered ascend to a formof fight that lead the social liberties development peaceful activity. Mrs. Parksworked at a Montgomery retail chain sticking up fixes, raising waistlines. At the point when the store shut, Mrs. Parks boarded a Cleveland Avenue transport, and took aseat behind the white segment in push eleven. The transport was half full when

Sample TOEFL Independent Essay Parents are the Best Teachers

Sample TOEFL Independent Essay Parents are the Best Teachers The QuestionDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.(the question used here came from theOfficial Guide to the TOEFL)Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this web page. Its a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the test. Sign up today.The Sample Essay These days, homeschooling is becoming a more and more popular alternative to traditional learning methods and many parents believe that they can do a better job than professional educators. Personally, though, I do not feel that parents are the best teachers. I feel this way for two reasons, which I will explore in the following essay. First of all, parents are biased when it comes to their own children. To be specific, most parents think that their children are the smartest kids in the worl d. As a result, they often teach them at an inappropriately quick pace, and mistakenly assume that they will be able to keep up. Over the course of an entire school year this can have serious consequences. An old friend of mine is a compelling example of this. Rather than attending hislocal public school, my friend was taught at home by his mother. His mother had good intentions, but she failed completely at teaching him math. She made the assumption that her son was able to graspbasic concepts right away and moved on immediately to advanced lessons that were above what he would have been learning at the public school. When it came time for my friend to take the annual state-mandated competency tests, he was wholly unprepared and he shocked his mom by earning a failing grade. This example demonstrates that parents are not always the best teachers. Secondly, parents are not aware of modern teaching methods, and therefore use antiquated and ineffective methods to educate their childre n. Parents have children at increasingly advanced ages nowadays and when it comes time to teach them, they have been out of school for ten or twenty years. Professional teachers, in contrast, have time for professional development every year of their careers, and work in a collaborative environment where older teachers are kept up to date by their younger colleagues. This means that trained teachers excel at teaching youngsters of all backgrounds, while parents struggle to educate even their own children. While my friend’s mother eventually overcame her difficulty teaching math to her son, the next year she had a lot of trouble motivating him to keep up with his language lessons. She was proactive, though, and sought help from her local school board. The officials at the board put her in touch with a young teacher from a nearby elementary school. Heshowed her how to use the Internet to help her son find foreign-language resources more suited to his specific interests. Until she go t help from that young teacher, she had no idea that the Internet included a wealth of videos, music and games that she could utilize with her son. In conclusion, I strongly disagree with the idea that parents are the best teachers. This is because parents are biased when it comes to their kids, and because professional teachers benefit from modern techniques and training.

What Is the Difference Between Sucrose and Sucralose

Sucrose and sucralose are both sweeteners, but they arent the same. Heres a look at how sucrose and sucralose are different. Sucrose Versus Sucralose Sucrose is a naturally occurring sugar, commonly known as table sugar. Sucralose, on the other hand, is an artificial sweetener, produced in a lab. Sucralose, like Splenda, is trichlorosucrose, so the chemical structures of the two sweeteners are related, but not identical. The molecular formula of sucralose is C12H19Cl3O8, while the formula for sucrose is C12H22O11. Superficially, the sucralose molecule looks like the sugar molecule. The difference is that three of the oxygen-hydrogen groups attached to the sucrose molecule are replaced by chlorine atoms to form sucralose. Unlike sucrose, sucralose is not metabolized by the body. Sucralose contributes zero calories to the diet, compared with sucrose, which contributes 16 calories per teaspoon (4.2 grams). Sucralose is about 600 times sweeter than sucrose. But unlike most artificial sweeteners, it doesnt have a bitter aftertaste. About Sucralose Sucralose was discovered by scientists at Tate Lyle in 1976 during the taste-testing of a chlorinated sugar compound. One report is that researcher Shashikant Phadnis thought his coworker Leslie Hough asked him to taste the compound (not a usual procedure), so he did and found the compound to be extraordinarily sweet compared with sugar. The compound was patented and tested, first approved for use as a non-nutritive sweetener in Canada in 1991. Sucralose is stable under a wide pH and temperature ranges, so it can be used for baking. It is known as E number (additive code) E955 and under trade names including Splenda, Nevella, Sukrana, Candys, SucraPlus, and Cukren. Health Effects Hundreds of studies have been performed on sucralose to determine its effects on human health. Because its not broken down in the body, it passes through the system unchanged. No link has been found between sucralose and cancer or developmental defects. Its considered safe for children, pregnant women, and nursing women. Its also safe for use by people with diabetes; however, it does raise blood sugar levels in certain individuals. Since its not broken down by the enzyme amylase in saliva, it cant be used as an energy source by mouth bacteria. In other words, sucralose does not contribute to the incidence of dental caries or cavities. However, there are some negative aspects to using sucralose. The molecule eventually breaks down if cooked long enough or at a high enough temperature, releasing potentially harmful  compounds called chlorophenols. Ingesting these alters the nature of our gut bacteria, potentially changing the way the body handles actual sugar and other carbohydrates, and possibly leading to cancer and male infertility. Also, sucralose may increase insulin and blood glucose levels and decrease insulin sensitivity, all effects that people with diabetes are trying to avoid. At the same time, since the molecule isnt digested, its released into the environment contributing to further pollution and public health problems. Learn More About Sucralose While sucralose is hundreds of times sweeter than sugar, its not even close to the sweetness of other sweeteners, which may be hundreds of thousands of times more potent than sugar. Carbohydrates are the most common sweeteners, but certain metals also taste sweet, including beryllium and lead. Highly toxic lead acetate or sugar of lead was used to sweeten drinks in Roman times and was added to lipsticks to improve their flavor.

Gender Diversity The Wide Range Of Gender Variation

Gender Identity Gender diversity increases awareness and understanding of the wide range of gender variation in children adolescents and adults. The video shows diversity on kid’s gender identity. This video explains how biological sex does not always match gender identity. The three different kids in the video showed gender identity issues since they were in their early childhood. Jazz was biologically a boy, but he identifies himself as a girl since he was fifteen months old. His parents allow and support his new gender identity as a girl and now she lives a full-time life as a girl. They moved to a different school, so she can feel more comfortable in an environment where people do not know her as a boy. Rawly (Richard) is a biologically ten-year-old boy that has a twin sister. He feels that he is a girl and his parents refer to his genitalia as a physical deformity and birth defect. Rawly was a product of in vitro fertilization and since an early age, he identifies as a girl and wanted all his sister pink stuff especially her clothing. He suffered all the time and at age 6 his mom let him be a girl. As a girl, she faced a lot of discrimination and bullying at school. Their parents plan is to give her a hormone replacement therapy to help her develop into puberty as a girl and to stop testosterone. The last story is from Rebeca a teenager girl who want to be a boy and she changed her name to Jeremy. She said that she felt all the time as a boy trapped in a woman’s body.Show MoreRelatedWhat Strategies Can Work For A Business Culture Where Family Diversity Is Respected And Valued933 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Strategies Can Organizations Use to Address Gender Inequality in the Workplace? Managers should be mindful of assuming that women have greater family-work inconsistencies than men, and that this can impact their views of women’s suitability for promotions. Companies should make an effort to create a business culture where family diversity is respected and valued. Companies that permit the family-work conflict bias to exist stand the chance of being looked upon by outsiders as discriminatoryRead MoreThe Australian Workplace Is A Evolving Environment1483 Words   |  6 Pagesboth contextual and individual concept is refereed to as diversity. Contrary to popular belief, diversity does not jus relate to gender, race cultural identity. Diversity is categorized into four main categories: organisational, internal, external and personality. From these categories, various experiences and perspectives arise, portraying the concept of diversity. Unless managed and understood properly, diversity can cause a wide range of obstacles in the Australian workplace, with the mainRead MoreEconomic Disparities Of The United States1176 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Are Some of the Economic Disparities in the United States That Occur Along Geographical, Gender, and Ethnic Dimensions The United States is a vast, diverse region that offers a wide range of economic opportunity. Since the United States is so big, there are a lot of differences between the economy in various regions, genders, and ethnic groups. Some of these variations in the economy are good creating a diverse economy with many different kinds of resources and goods. Some differences, howeverRead MoreA Concept Analysis of Diversity Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity has many definitions but only one true meaning. This concept Analysis is dedicated to exploring the broadened sense of diversity through active concepts with respect to term usage, and current literature research to support the understanding and relevance of the term itself. Search Terms: Diversity, Ethnic Variety, and Variation Introduction: Definition The dictionary definitions for the term â€Å"Diversity† are fairly similar in nature. The American Heritage Dictionary describesRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of Family Life1412 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1 – Annotated Bibliography of Family Life Baker, M. (2001) Families, Labour and Love: Family diversity in a changing world. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin. †¢ Sociologists use the term ‘families’ in plural rather than ‘family’ to represent the variations in family life. †¢ Societal changes contributed to divorce rates, focusing more on personal happiness, higher martial satisfaction and women ability to survive economically outside marriage. †¢ Extended family households were more prevalentRead MoreDiversity And Its Effect On Society942 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity in society helps us to grow as individuals and open our minds to different ways of life. When you are exposed to different ways of life and see how other cultures carry on then you are no longer closed to the idea that we are all different. Diversity also promotes tolerance. In terms of being tolerant that means diversity can help us accept other cultures, it can even adapt some cultural ways and values into our society. The point is, we are all different. Yet the differences that we haveRead MoreRelationship Between Leadership And Employee Job Satisfaction Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesleadership, gender, diversity, education, and job satisfaction for the restaurant professionals is an issue. This study helps to understand the relationship between the leadership and employee job satisfaction in the Lubbock, TX area. A total of 100 restaurant profess ionals from the Lubbock Restaurant Association were surveyed using a Job Satisfaction Survey and a Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Education, gender, and transformational leadership accounted for 33% of the variation in job satisfactionRead More Anthropology and Gender Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesThough women have played an integral part in the history of the discipline of anthropology, it was not until the early 1970’s that the field of anthropology and gender, or feminist anthropology emerged. Sex and gender roles have always been a vital part of any ethnographic study, but the contributors of this theory began to address the androcentric nature of anthropology itself. The substantial gap in information concerning the study of women was perceived as a male bias, a prejudice made more apparentRead More Organizational Behavior and Terminology Paper837 Words   |  4 Pageswith outstanding one-to-one customer service at all times and to make their visit to the club as enjoyable as possible. Diversity is defined as the presence of a wide range of variation in qualities and attributes such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, able-bodiness, and sexual orientation (www.wikipedia.org). Since 24 Hour Fitness is an equal opportunity employer (EOE), diversity is present and welcome within the company. There are men and women employed who come from different walks of life and haveRead MoreThe Constant Monitoring And Promoting Effective Management Of The Windsors Residential Care Ltd1933 Words   |  8 Pagesdefinition of diversity, equality, and inclusion will be tackled as to present and introduce its importance in an organization. Secondly, the analyses of Windsors Residential Care on the probable diversity characteristics, the key impacts involving the organisation, and recognize the advantages of managing diversity in the workplace. Lastly, a table presentation that will provide recommended plans, interventions, strategies and presumed outcomes that aims to manage equality and diversity of the organisation

Apk entreprneurship Free Essays

Executive Summary Creative Maker Sad Bad established described in this business plan Is to start-up a charity business by determined and dedicated Individuals who are experience In this field. Through the Basic Entrepreneurship Culture course (EXEGESES) we are exposed to the basic entrepreneur knowledge for the purpose to implement the entrepreneur satellites and managing basic entrepreneur risks In order to carry out this business. Without doubt this idea came out as a dream now beginning to shape Into reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Apk entreprneurship or any similar topic only for you Order Now In supervising us throughout this project. In general, this business Is focusing on the field of manufacturing and by focusing on high quality customer service, diverse offerings, creative promotion strategy and continuous development of employees, our company Is projected to reach 850 customer In a month while maintaining a high gross margin on sales while strengthening cash management and working capital. A comprehensive analysis of the market indicates that souvenir industry is strong and robust generating a fair amount of annual revenues. The location of our business will include various places inside University Malay and it is highly desirable as it is based at a busy part of the university. Our chosen target markets which include the students, lecturer and staffs of University Malay and will account for a total of 850 potential customers in the first month. The promotion will A review of our competitors shows that we will be competing against Creative Center Sad Bad established near our location. This business focus on different pricing structure and marketing approaches. With our consistent, high quality services and moderate pricing, we have the edge in attracting customers by delivering a full range of beauty and pampering treatments in several convenient location. Our concrete marketing plan will distinguish us as souvenirs of choice for customers. PC entrepreneurship By mimicked Creative Maker Sad Bad established described in this business plan is to start-up a hearty business by determined and dedicated individuals who are experience in this activities and managing basic entrepreneur risks in order to carry out this business. Without doubt this idea came out as a dream now beginning to shape into reality. We would like to thank Dry. Norwich bin Mood Musical as our lecturer who had been so committed in supervising us throughout thi s project. In general, this business is employees, our company is projected to reach 850 customer in a month while How to cite Apk entreprneurship, Papers

Superfluids Essays - Condensed Matter Physics, Phases Of Matter

Superfluids "As we shall see, it is generally believed that the phenomenon of superfluidity is directly connected with the fact that the atoms of helium-4 obey Bose statistics, and that the lambda-transition is due to the onset of the peculiar phenomenon called Bose condensation." (Leggett, 1989) BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION This is the phenomenon wherein the bosons (a type of particle) making up a substance merge into the lowest energy level, into a shared quantum state. In general, it refers to the tendancy of bosons to occupy the same state. This state, formed when a gas undergoes Bose-Einstein condensation, is called a "Bose-Einstein condensate." The distinguishing feature of Bose-Einstein condensates is that the many parts that make up the ordered system not only behave as a whole, they become whole. Their identities merge or overlap in such a way that they lose their individuality entirely. A good analogy would be the many voices of a choir, merging to become 'one voice' at certain levels of harmony. HISTORY The phenomenon of superfluidity was discovered in 1937 by a Russian physicist, Peter Kapitza, and then studied independently in 1938 by John Frank Allen, a British physicist, and his coworkers. It wasn't until the 1970's however, that the useful properties of superfluids were discovered. Thanks to the work of David Lee, Douglas Osheroff and Robert Richardson at Cornell University, we have gained valuable information on the effects and uses of superfluids. These three scientists jointly received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1996 for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3. It took a while, however, before they actually figured out what this phase in helium was. Superfluidity in helium-3 first manifested itself as small anomalies in the melting curve of solid helium-3 (small structures in the curve of pressure vs. time). Normally, small deviations, like this one, are usually considered to be peculiarities of the equipment, but the three physicists were convinced that there was a real effect. They weren't looking for superfluidity in particular, but rather an antiferromagnetic phase in solid helium-3. According to their predictions, this phase appeared to occur at a temperature below 2mK. In their first publication in 1972, they interpreted this effect as a phase transition. They did not completely agree with this hypothesis, but by further developing their technique they could, just a few months later, pinpoint the effect. They found there were actually two phase transitions in the liquid phase, one at 2.7mK and the second at 1.8mK. This discovery became the starting point of intense activity among low temperature physicists. The experimental and theoretical developments went hand-in-hand in an unusually fruitful way. The field was rapidly mapped out, but fundamental discoveries are still being made. SUPERFLUID HELIUM Superfluidity is a state of matter characterized by the complete absence of viscosity, or resistance to flow. This term is used primarily when involving liquid helium at very low temperatures. It was found that liquid helium (4He), when cooled below 2.17K (-271O C or -456 O F, could flow with no difficulty through extremely small holes, which liquid helium at a higher temperature cannot do. It was also noted that the walls of its container were somehow coated with a thin film of helium (approximately 100 atoms thick). This film flowed against gravity up and over the rim of the container This temperature of 2.17K is called the lambda ( ) point because the graph of the specific heat of liquid helium exhibits a lamda-shaped maximum at that temperature. Under normal pressure, helium will liquefy at a temperature of 4.2K. As the temperature is still lowered, helium behaves as a normal liquid until it reaches the lamda point. Before reaching the lamda point, it can be called helium I. Helium II refers to the liquid state of helium below the lamda point. Superfluidity is found in helium II but it has limited uses. When the temperature is dropped still lower, it was found that the stable isotope helium-3 is formed. This liquid exhibits superfluid characteristics, but only at temperatures lower than 0.0025 K. Nuclei of helium-3 contain two protons and one neutron, rather than the two protons and two neutrons found in the more common isotope, helium-4. Superfluid helium-4 forms at approximately 2.17 K. This superfluid moves without friction, squeezes through impossibly small holes, and it can even flow uphill. Superfluid helium-3 can do all these things, however not so spectacularly. The weird thing about helium-3 is that it can have different properties in different directions, similar to the well-defined grain in a piece of wood. The difference between helium-3 and helium-4 is

The Major Congressional Checks on the Presidential Authority

The Major Congressional Checks on the Presidential Authority Introduction The US government is tripartite, and its branches perform the critical role of performing checks and balances on one another to as a way of preventing any of the branches from overstepping its mandate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Congressional Checks on the Presidential Authority specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the limits to presidential powers include a political culture that has as one of its characteristics features a distrust of government and an array of congressional checks on presidential authority, including the ability to approve presidential appointments, the laws that the president wishes to approve and the budget to the executive departments. This essay will examine the congressional powers in relation to checking on the presidency. How the Congress checks on the presidency The Congress has powers to check on the presidency in different aspects one of which is che cking on the budgetary allocations by the executive. The creation of a budget requires integrity given the massive amounts of cash involved, and as such, Congress ensures that the budget drafting process by the executive is both transparent and appropriate. The Congress performs this role by debating and approving or rejecting budgets depending on their perceptions of the budgetary allocations (Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick 60). The president can only recommend a budget for congressional consideration, but the actual appropriation of funds lies in the hands of the Senate and House of Representatives. Congress can also challenge the treaties signed by the president is Congress feel that it is inappropriate. This issue has however attracted much debate centered on whether the president should have the final word on approving or discarding treaties. As noted by Gunter (354), these debates arrived at the conclusion that the president is not the only one affected by the treaties as an ind ividual and as such, granting the presidency the last word on treaties would be according it too much power as an individual, is not the one actually affected by these treaties on the ground. And as such, the president should not be the only one to decide the fate of treaties. Even though Congress lacks the force of law, there are numerous ways by which it can exact restrictions on a military operation, including the denial of Congressional authorization, disapproving resolutions and specific reporting requirements. These restrictions provide the Congress with opportunities to signal its opposition or the limits of its support and to impose political costs on the president and his senior advisors for pursuing intervention policies that deviate from Congressional preferences.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, Congress may threaten to vote on War Powers question, o r through complaints about the absence of prior consultation, insistence on extensive consultation, ons of US presidents who were impeached by Congress include President Johnson in 1868 and most recently, President Clinton in 1998. Another way in which Congress checks on presidential powers is through its capabilities to confirm or reject presidential nominees for executive and judicial positions. Before assuming office, the Senate has to debate the nominated candidates and based on the votes; a candidate may either be approved or rejected.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Congressional Checks on the Presidential Authority specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The constitution gives the government authority to the government’s three branches each with its specific roles concerning the running of day to day governmental duties. Each branch is governed by a checks and balances system that ensures that all the three branches cooperate in making important decisions. This essay has explored various ways by which Congress checks on the executive. Ehrman, John, and Flamm, Michael. Debating the Reagan presidency. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2009. GÃ ¼nter, Gerald. Constitutional law. New York: Foundation Press, 1991. Gitelson, Allan, Dudley Robert, and Dubnick. Melvin American Government: Student Choice Edition. California: Good Cengage Learning, 2008. Heath, David. The Congress of the United States. Mankato, MN: Capstone Press.

Mathematical Properties of Waves

Mathematical Properties of Waves Physical waves, or mechanical waves, form through the vibration of a medium, be it a string, the Earths crust, or particles of gases and fluids. Waves have mathematical properties that can be analyzed to understand the motion of the wave. This article introduces these general wave properties, rather than how to apply them in specific situations in physics. Transverse Longitudinal Waves There are two types of mechanical waves. A is such that the displacements of the medium are perpendicular (transverse) to the direction of travel of the wave along the medium. Vibrating a string in periodic motion, so the waves move along it, is a transverse wave, as are waves in the ocean. A longitudinal wave is such that the displacements of the medium are back and forth along the same direction as the wave itself. Sound waves, where the air particles are pushed along in the direction of travel, is an example of a longitudinal wave. Even though the waves discussed in this article will refer to travel in a medium, the mathematics introduced here can be used to analyze properties of non-mechanical waves. Electromagnetic radiation, for example, is able to travel through empty space, but still, has the same mathematical properties as other waves. For example, the Doppler effect for sound waves is well known, but there exists a similar Doppler effect for light waves, and they are based around the same mathematical principles. What Causes Waves? Waves can be viewed as a disturbance in the medium around an equilibrium state, which is generally at rest. The energy of this disturbance is what causes the wave motion. A pool of water is at equilibrium when there are no waves, but as soon as a stone is thrown in it, the equilibrium of the particles is disturbed and the wave motion begins.The disturbance of the wave travels, or propogates, with a definite speed, called the wave speed (v).Waves transport energy, but not matter. The medium itself doesnt travel; the individual particles undergo back-and-forth or up-and-down motion around the equilibrium position. The Wave Function To mathematically describe wave motion, we refer to the concept of a wave function, which describes the position of a particle in the medium at any time. The most basic of wave functions is the sine wave, or sinusoidal wave, which is a periodic wave (i.e. a wave with repetitive motion). It is important to note that the wave function doesnt depict the physical wave, but rather its a graph of the displacement about the equilibrium position. This can be a confusing concept, but the useful thing is that we can use a sinusoidal wave to depict most periodic motions, such as moving in a circle or swinging a pendulum, which dont necessarily look wave-like when you view the actual motion. Properties of the Wave Function wave speed (v) - the speed of the waves propagationamplitude (A) - the maximum magnitude of the displacement from equilibrium, in SI units of meters. In general, it is the distance from the equilibrium midpoint of the wave to its maximum displacement, or it is half the total displacement of the wave.period (T) - is the time for one wave cycle (two pulses, or from crest to crest or trough to trough), in SI units of seconds (though it may be referred to as seconds per cycle).frequency (f) - the number of cycles in a unit of time. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz) and1 Hz 1 cycle/s 1 s-1angular frequency (ω) - is 2Ï€ times the frequency, in SI units of radians per second.wavelength (ÃŽ ») - the distance between any two points at corresponding positions on successive repetitions in the wave, so (for example) from one crest or trough to the next, in SI units  of meters.  wave number (k) - also called the propagation constant, this useful quantity is defined as 2 Ï₠¬ divided by the wavelength, so the SI units are radians per meter. pulse - one half-wavelength, from equilibrium back Some useful equations in defining the above quantities are: v ÃŽ » / T ÃŽ » fω 2 Ï€ f 2 Ï€/TT 1 / f 2 Ï€/ωk 2Ï€/ωω vk The vertical position of a point on the wave, y, can be found as a function of the horizontal position, x, and the time, t, when we look at it. We thank the kind mathematicians for doing this work for us, and obtain the following useful equations to describe the wave motion: y(x, t) A sin ω(t - x/v) A sin 2Ï€ f(t - x/v)y(x, t) A sin 2Ï€(t/T - x/v)y(x, t) A sin (ω t - kx) The Wave Equation One final feature of the wave function is that applying calculus to take the second derivative yields the wave equation, which is an intriguing and sometimes useful product (which, once again, we will thank the mathematicians for and accept without proving it): d2y / dx2 (1 / v2) d2y / dt2 The second derivative of y with respect to x is equivalent to the second derivative of y with respect to t divided by the wave speed squared. The key usefulness of this equation is that whenever it occurs, we know that the function y acts as a wave with wave speed v and, therefore, the situation can be described using the wave function.

International hospitality management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International hospitality management - Essay Example This was followed by hotels, motels, and Inns. The first hotel can be traced to City hotel in New York City in 1794 which started with 73 rooms (Schonwalder, 2000). Apart from accommodation, the hotel offered meetings rooms and soon became the social center of the city. This was the first building in America built especially to be a hotel. The first five star hotel was the Tremont House in Boston, built in 1829, which marked the beginning of first class service. The Hilton International The Hilton International started its journey in 1919 by Conrad Hilton when he took over a property in Texas. Its international arm, Conrad Hotels, had locations across Australia, England, Ireland, and Egypt among many others. By 1940 the group owned a chain of premium hotels worldwide but in 1960 it sold its international operations. In 1989 it also relinquished interests in its gaming companies and focused on core hotel business. Focusing on contracts and franchising, today Hilton Hotels Corporation is a leading hospitality company that owns, manages, and has franchised over 2000 hotels the country (Funding Universe, n.d.). The well-known brands under its chain include Doubletree, Embassy Suites, Hampton Inn, Homewood Suites, and Harrison Conference Centers. Marriott International Marriott International, Inc., with the spirit to serve, was formed in 1993 (Funding Universe1, n.d.). Before this, they were in the restaurant business but in 1993 they split the company in two – lodging and contract services company, thus marking the beginning of Marriott International, Inc. Marriott International manages and franchises more than 1350 lodging properties under ten different hotel brands across the world. These include the Fairfield Inns and Suites, the Marriott, Ritz-Carlton, Renaissance, and New World brands. Its strategy to manage rather than own property has been found to be paying the Group rich dividends. Global Hyatt Corporation Global Hyatt Corporation, one of the leadin g luxury hotel companies in the world, operates in major and secondary cities, at airport locations and leading resort areas throughout the world (Advameg, 2011). It specializes in deluxe resorts with meeting facilities and special services for the business traveler. The Group manages or licenses the management of more than 210 hotels and resorts (with a capacity of more than 90,000 rooms) in 43 countries around the world. In addition to its core Hyatt Regency brand, it has developed other special concepts like the Grand Hyatt, the Park Hyatt, and Classic Residence. With its property in 1957, Hyatt grew to a chain of 13 hotels by 1969. Conclusion Hotels and chains have grown and developed due to mergers and acquisitions (M&A), which is a common form of strategy and growth in every sector. This is used as a strategy to enhance profitability and survive in the competitive growth environment. Several major mergers and acquisitions took place in the hotel industry between 1979 and 2004 (Quek, 2011). However, M&A activities in the sector need financial support because of the high capital costs involved. Deregulation in the industry helped to generate funds easily which benefited the hotel companies by allowing them easier access to capital. As borders across nations blurred and visitors started traveling overseas for work, the demand for excellent facilities increased. Acquisitions in the hotel sector were done with the

How Well Do We Know the Arab Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How Well Do We Know the Arab Culture - Essay Example All Arabs are Muslims because there are Arab Christians found in many places of the Arab world, and only between 15-18% of Arabs are Muslims. Certain beliefs in culture and tradition are found to be untrue in a document presented by the OFDCSI. For instance, for a long time, I held on to the idea that Arab males are wealthy oil magnates, terrorists, and mad dictators and any association with them are dangerous. These are types of perceptions that are most common with lack of understanding. Facts from research disprove this and showed that Arabs have diverse economic segments of the population and there are also poor people among them. Because of terrorism that relates to Arabs, I perceived them to be mad dictators and have nothing in mind but bring chaos to the western world. Readings from OFDCSI again proved me wrong as madness cannot thrive in different political system adhered to by Arabs; they could not be terrorists because a majority of the citizens are law-abiding, keep famili es and employed in the variety of occupations. Arabs are concerned about modesty, and that is the reason why Arab women are clothed in full-length cover, and most devoted women could be seen covering even their faces. Traditional garbs for men are robes, but headdresses indicate the tribe from which they belong. Today, according to OFDCSI, Arab men wear a mix of western clothing because now they wear t-shirts and jeans along with traditional garb. Arab women differ with western culture when it comes to subordination to men. OFDCSI refers to this culture as being subordinate to men in varying degrees; for instance, it is very restrictive in Arabian Peninsula and undisturbed in urban areas of Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt. It is expected that foreigners respect the privacy of women role in the Arab world.  

Revelations and Parker?s Back Essay -- essays research papers fc

Revelations and Parker’s Back   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story â€Å"Revelations† by Flannery O’Connor portrays the character of Ms. Turpin as a very hypocritical Christian. It’s absurd how obvious she is in her view of society; it could not be less unchristian like. Her opinions towards other people and their intelligence are Ms. Turpin’s greatest flaw. â€Å"Parker’s Back† also written by Flannery O’Connor is just the opposite of Revelations, Parker spends his entire life trying to fill a void that has grown so deep inside him it becomes unbearable. His continual dislike and downgrading of Christianity plays into his problems even more. The stories have very unique approaches, both of which prove to be very intriguing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character of Ms. Turpin shows from the very start that she is going to encounter many problems as the story progresses. Her dislike for Negroes or as she referred to them as â€Å"niggers† and her constant distinction of social class ranking showed that she was not the Christian she claimed to be. When she talks about cotton she says â€Å"you can’t get the white folks to pick it and now you can’t get the niggers-because they got to be right up there with the white folk.â€Å" When she looked at herself she saw a very good Christian. She always congratulated herself on how she always helped everyone and was always there to take care of her slaves. Nevertheless she had hidden meaning for all of these; she only helped the slaves so that she co...

Managing Diversity in the Workforce

Abstract Having the need to live in a world of diverse culture, business companies deal with the hardship of dealing with the differences of the workforces in their organization. Is this a problem that cannot be solved? Recent studies show that this problem could actually be turned into a solution that the company could use towards its success. How? This is what is going to be discussed in the paper to follow. The possibilities of turning a diverse workforce into a unified organization would be introduced in this research in an aim to prove that managing a diverse workforce is more of a challenging opportunity than that of an irreversible business dilemma. Outline Introduction Introduces the subject to be talked about in a historical basis What is Diversity? Deals with the definition of diversity as a word to describe social differences and as a word that affects business activities. Getting along with Diversity A compilation of suggestion from business experts that have mastered the art of managing diverse workforces Conclusion The author’s opinion on the topic being discussed based from the researches that have been posted in the paper. Managing Diversity in the Workforce Introduction HAVE you ever heard stories of a race of people who had no mouth and therefore could neither eat nor drink? They were said to survive by smelling, mostly apples. A bad odor would kill them. There were also tales of a West African people who had gold to trade. A Portuguese ship’s captain of the time reported: â€Å"Two hundred leagues beyond [the] kingdom of [Mali], one finds a country the inhabitants of which have the heads and teeth of dogs and tails like dogs. These are the Blacks who refuse to enter into conversation because they do not wish to see other men.† Those were some of the strange ideas that were held many years ago, before the age of travel and discovery. Such stories were taken seriously for centuries. Nevertheless, as explorers charted the planet, they found no mouth less apple smellers, no dog-headed people. Today there remains little mystery about those who live beyond our borders. The world has become a global village. Television brings foreign lands and peoples into our living rooms. Air travel makes it possible to visit those lands within hours; millions of people do so each year. Others are on the move for economic or political reasons. States a report of the United Nations Population Fund: â€Å"On a scale unknown in history—and certain to grow—people around the world are uprooting themselves and migrating in search of a better life.† About 100 million people live outside the country in which they were born. Increasingly there is economic interdependency among nations. A global communications network, like a gigantic central nervous system, links every nation of the  earth. As ideas, information, and technology are exchanged, cultures merge and adapt to one another. Throughout the world, people dress more alike than ever before. Cities of the world share much in common—police, luxury hotels, traffic, stores, banks, pollution. Thus, as the peoples of the world come together, we witness what some describe as an emerging world culture. Nevertheless, while peoples and cultures intermingle, clearly not all see one another as brothers. â€Å"Everyone’s quick to blame the alien,† wrote a Greek playwright over 2,000 years ago. Sadly, the same is true today. The evidence is no farther away than newspaper reports of bigotry, hatred of foreigners, â€Å"ethnic cleansing,† racial strife, religious riots, massacre of civilians, killing fields, rape camps, torture, or genocide. Of course, most of us can do little or nothing to change the course of ethnic conflicts. We may not even be directly affected by them. For many of us, however, problems come from a lack of communication with the foreigners with whom we come into contact—neighbors, workmates, or schoolmates. Does it not seem odd that people of differing ethnic groups so often find it difficult to trust and appreciate one another? After all, ours is a planet of enormous diversity, endless variety. Most of us appreciate the rich variety of food, music, and color as well as the many kinds of plants, birds, and animals. Somehow, appreciation of variety does not always carry over to people who do not think and act in the same way that we do. Instead of looking at the positive aspects of diversity among peoples, many tend to focus on the differences and make them a point of contention.    Certainly, living in a world that is governed with diversity, it could be expected that in the workplace, diversity itself is also present and thus cannot be avoided. Many workers refer to this hardship as the common source of many conflicts within the working area. Hence, the performance of the employees is then directly affected. Impossible as it may have seemed, diversity within the workplace has still been referred to by many modern business enthusiasts such as John Riddle in his book â€Å"Business Management†. How could this be possible? Before knowing the preferred solution of experts towards the said problem, it is important to take notice of what is really meant by being diverse, and how does it really affect the entire performance of the workforce. What is Diversity? Diversity, when referred to in business terms may mean a lot of things. An organization’s workforce may be referred to as diverse for many reasons as well. Diversity may occur because of the differences of opinion because of the differences in personality, in age, in educational attainment, in status in life and even in culture. Mostly, as observed on different business companies, the main reason of such diversity is the existence of a much distinct group of races making up a single workforce for a company. How could all these happen? As mentioned in the introduction, many people have already transferred from place to place and a lot of those people, the so-called immigrants, have already decided to stay and work on the foreign lands they have gone to. Hence, the main effect of this social move on achieving success on other places, the employment of  the multicultural population has been the resort to supporting the lives of the said immigrants. Hence, the workforce of every company making up the business industries are at times having the same worries on how to face the challenge of dealing with and managing people who are widely different from each other. Getting along with Diversity As mentioned earlier, management of a diverse workforce has been one of the biggest problems that concern the human resources department of any type of company present in the business industries. Hence, it is just reasonable to say that at some points, some management teams may find it a difficult task as well. However, the author, John riddle says otherwise. According to him, â€Å"these are all factors of management that should be considered by good managers even before entering an organization† (113). Hence, this definitely means that avoiding diversity in the workforce may be impossible but giving a resolution to it is not that impossible. After all, there is still a common ground among the working force of each company no matter how diverse they may be it is that they are humans, which makes them capable of being dealt with and managed well. In this regard, John Riddle has suggested several points of consideration when dealing with such business problems. In general terms, he summarized the ways by which a good manager could handle the difficulties of dealing with a diverse workforce. The said suggestions are as follows: Concentrate on the strengths of the employees. When a manager discovers the tasks where the employees usually excel in, they should be assigned to them as they are expected to be more productive on those fields of the job. Understand the abilities and the potential of each employee present in the organization. These potential assets of the employees could as well be used by the company itself in aiming for the goals that it has set up for the future. Allow communication lines t be open at all times. It is very important for managers to be good listeners. The ability of hearing what the employees want form the company as well as to how they could be of bigger help to the organization could be used as a resource of ideas for the company as well. Make the employees feel that they too have a sense of authority in the company. However, this type of authority should not overstep that of the administration’s. It should be clear that this authority could only be exercised at specific times and places when it is permitted. This may often refer to an ‘open door’ policy that deals with an easier type of agreement between the employees, which could give them a chance to affect how the organization is being managed. They are then allowed to give suggestions; however, no suggestions are implemented unless approved by the administration. Make sure that all employees understand the business goals and objectives. It should always be remembered that a well-informed employee, whether young or old, is a productive employee. A manager should always remember that he is supervising people with feelings who are valuable members of the organization, hence, treating them with great respect at all times no matter what culture they come from is one of the most important virtue any manager could post as an example for his colleagues. Treating everyone fairly and sensitively is the key to creating a fine working environment. It should be remembered that because of the different clutters of the people, they all have different preferences; they have different personal obligations and other more. Considering the fact that dealing with multicultural workforce also involve dealing with their differences of belief, a manager could as well consider fairness at all times to be able to set a common ground for everyone else in the organization. Keep everyone else busy and going all the time. Feeling one’s worth is usually measured on the things they are able to do for the organization in a day. In this manner, it could be said that regardless of one’s difference from the others, being able to do something for the company and being of worth to the organization makes an employee feel that even though there are differences, he still belongs to the organization he is working for. Keep employees informed of the ins and outs of the organization. Keeping employees in the dark when some changes within the organization arise may give them the notion that they are not given importance by the administration of the company. Acknowledge the employees’ efforts, years of work, talent, creativity and good job attributes. Doing so would help everyone else strive for the best while they are working in the company. It could be noticed that the suggestions listed in here are general. Putting these suggestions into good use have mostly caused several companies to achieve unity beyond diversity in their own much diverse workforces. Hence, as Jones commented in his book â€Å"Contemporary Management†, â€Å"diversity is a normal part of modern management. Being globally distinct, it could not be avoided that dealing with different people everyday is a challenge to the modern managers today† (180). Conclusion The certainties of dealing with diverse people in the workforce are around ninety-nine percent. Considering that we are living in a culturally diverse society, it could be argued that a diverse workforce is indeed a challenge to many business managers today. However, at first, this fact may seem a big problem, on the other hand, if the managers are able to see the common ground of everyone else, which is being human, the said managers would recognize the possibility of making diversity a source of further progress for the company. Mixing up the talents and the abilities of the employees for the goal of the organization would surely help the company reach its peak potential. BIBLIOGRAPHY Riddle, John. (2001). Business Management. Adams Media Corporation. Avon, Massachusetts. Adams, Bob. (2000). Managing people: Lead your staff to peak performance. Adams Media Corporation. Avon, Massachusetts. Hiam, Alexander. (2001). Motivating and rewarding Employees: New and better ways to inspire your people. Adams Media Corporation. Avon, Massachusetts. Martinez, Esdras. (1998). Buisness Managements theories and practice. Rex books Publishing. Manila, Philippines. Jones, Gareth R. (2004). Contemporary Management. Irwin/McGraw-Hill; 4th edition.                  

My Personal Philosophy Of Education - 938 Words

PHILOSOPHY ESSAY 2 I remember my history teacher. He would often chat with me in German before or after class; sometimes helping explain certain nuances of the language. However, I can’t tell you what information we covered that year, let alone if it was American History, or Ancient History. Can you remember anything specific from your history class in high school? My hope is that if I were to teach American History, my students would enjoy coming to class, be able to use what they learned in their own lives, in addition to remembering what was discussed during the course of the year. My philosophy of education is a well-rounded mixture of perennialism, progressivism, social reform, and essentialism. While students need the rigor of math and science, driven in part by knowing they will be tested; I do believe that it is necessary to include instruction in practical knowledge that pertains to a student’s everyday life. Furthermore, I believe that kids are more willing to learn, when they know their teacher cares about them on a personal level. Knowledge is important, but the goal in raising children, or teaching other kids, is for them to become mature adults. However, it is also crucial to help students enter society with an understanding of others. This will help them to be a positive addition to a community. We need well-rounded adults in our society, and IShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Education1046 Words   |  5 Pagesmanipulate the information for their own use in the future. Choosing between the four, I would say my philosophical views line up more as an essentialist. My philosophy of education, is that every teacher and student has an environment where they are challenged, yet still encouraged, in their instructional matter and teaching and learning strategies to prepare them to meet the goals set up on them. A philosophy is a search for wisdom in a particular area; it builds a framework of thinking, and guides instructionalRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education997 Words   |  4 Pages Philosophy of Education Discovering the place where personal values and expertise meet organizational values and needs offers a dynamic partnership opportunity. Mutual achievement of organizational academic quality and professional fulfillment provides a positive learning environment. Developing a personal philosophy of education enables an educator to understand and communicate the underlying basis for his or her approach to education. Sharing this philosophy provides valuable information forRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1476 Words   |  6 Pages871 Foundations of Higher Education Summer 2015 Instructor: Joel Abaya, PhD Personal Philosophy of Education Submitted by: Wessam Elamawy . Personal Philosophy of Education Introduction: From the very beginning of my life I recognized the importance of higher education. I am 34 years old. I am Egyptian. I was born in a highly educated family . My father earned a Ph.D. in chemistry. My uncle earned a Ph.D. in Engineering . My aunt is a doctor. My grandparents were highly educatedRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy of Education958 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Education It is customary that on New Year’s Eve, we make New Year resolution. The fact is that we are making a set of guideline that we want to live by. These are motives that we seek to achieve. In a similar way, teachers live by philosophy. This essay focuses on my personal philosophy of education. It unfolds the function of philosophy in a teacher’s life, my view on the purpose of education, the student teacher- relationship and the philosophy which influences myRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Education1844 Words   |  8 PagesMy philosophy of education is romanticism. According to Ryan, Cooper, and Bolick, romanticism can be defined as â€Å"a child-centered philosophy of education that condemns the influences of society and suggests that a child’s natural curiosity and the natural world should be used to teach.† I am a believer in â€Å"gaining knowledge through sensory experiences and interactions with your peers† (Ryan, Cooper, a nd Bolick, 2016). I agree with this philosophy because it says that the needs of the student areRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1443 Words   |  6 PagesThese beliefs of education are known as the philosophy of education. The philosophy of education is defined as the influences of what is taught and how the students will be taught. Throughout my study in my education class and past experiences, my mind was expanded and I acquired sufficient knowledge to develop my own concept of my personal philosophy of education. First, I will clarify the reasons why I choose the profession of being an educator. The first reason has been my parents influenceRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education966 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Philosophy of Education Allyson C. Taylor EDUC 542 Dr. M. Derrick Regent University The definition of curriculum can be as mysterious as the curriculum itself. Oliva (2013) described the hunt for the curriculum as being similar to â€Å"efforts to track down Bigfoot, the Bear Lake Monster, [and] the Florida Everglades Skunk Ape †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 2). All of these elusive beings have left tracks, yet there isn’t a single photograph to prove their existence—just likeRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1335 Words   |  6 Pagesteaching style in the â€Å"Finding Your Philosophy of Education Quiz.† While I enjoyed learning about the different philosophies and psychological influences of teaching, I prefer constructivism, social reconstruction, and progressivism due to their student-centered learning, hands-on or project based learning style, while making efforts to improve the world around them. I will be discussing why I chose progressivism, social reconstruction, and constructivism as my preferences, as well as the role ofRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education873 Words   |  4 Pagesis a meaningful education? Throughout time many philosopher and educators have pondered on this question, leading to the development of theories and concepts that are present in the classroom today. In my personal experience, an educator philosophy is built over a course of time which is based on their knowledge and experience. An educator belief system is like a river, it changes and matures throughout its course, bending and changing as it progresses. Throughout the course of my educational careerRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1152 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction My personal philosophy of education relies on the fundamental belief that every individual has inherent value, therefore designating education as an environment where students may grow in their self-worth through academic and relational support. Thus, the purpose of education is to provide individuals with the opportunity to learn about both content and about self, growing in their identity. Within this personal philosophy of education, I will further detail the aim of education, the role

Francis Bacons Classic Essay, Of Truth

Of Truth is the opening essay in the final edition of the philosopher, statesman and jurist  Francis Bacons Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral (1625). In this essay, as associate professor of philosophy Svetozar Minkov points out, Bacon addresses the question of whether it is worse to lie to others or to oneself--to possess truth (and lie, when necessary, to others) or to think one possesses the truth but be mistaken and hence unintentionally convey falsehoods to both oneself and to others (Francis Bacons Inquiry Touching Human Nature, 2010). In Of Truth, Bacon argues that people have a natural inclination to lie to others: a natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself. Of Truth What is truth? said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer. Certainly, there be that delight in giddiness, and count it a bondage to fix a belief, affecting free-will in thinking as well as in acting. And though the sects of philosophers of that kind be gone, yet there remain certain discoursing wits which are of the same veins, though there be not so much blood in them as was in those of the ancients. But it is not only the difficulty and labor which men take in finding out of truth, nor again that when it is found it imposeth upon mens thoughts, that doth bring lies in favor, but a natural though corrupt love of the lie itself. One of the later school of the Grecians examineth the matter, and is at a stand to think what should be in it, that men should love lies where neither they make for pleasure, as with poets, nor for advantage, as with the merchant; but for the lies sake. But I cannot tell: this same truth is a naked and open daylight that doth not show the masques a nd mummeries and triumphs of the world half so stately and daintily as candle-lights. Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl that showeth best by day; but it will not rise to the price of a diamond or carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights. A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure. Doth any man doubt that if there were taken out of mens minds vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves? One of the fathers, in great severity, called poesy vinum daemonum [the wine of devils] because it filleth the imagination, and yet it is but with the shadow of a lie. But it is not the lie that passeth through the mind, but the lie that sinketh in and settleth in it that doth the hurt, such as we spake of before. But howsoever these things are thus in mens depraved judgments and affections, yet truth, which only doth judge itself, teacheth that the inquiry of truth, which is the love-making or wooing of it; the knowledge of truth, which is the presence of it; and the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it, is the sovereign good of human nature. The first creature of God in the works of the days was the light of the sense; the last was the light of reason; and his Sabbath work ever since is the illumination of his spirit. First he breathed light upon the face of the matter, or chaos; then he breathed light into the face of man; and still he breatheth and inspireth light into the face of his chosen. The poet that beautified the sect that was otherwise inferior to the rest, saith yet excellently well, It is a pleasure to stand upon the shore, and to see ships tossed upon the sea; a pleasure to stand in the window of a castle, and to see a battle and the adventures thereof below; but no pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of truth (a hill not to be co mmanded, and where the air is always clear and serene), and to see the errors and wanderings and mists and tempests in the vale below*; so always that this prospect be with pity, and not with swelling or pride. Certainly it is heaven upon earth to have a mans mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth. To pass from theological and philosophical truth to the truth of civil business: it will be acknowledged, even by those that practice it not, that clear and round dealing is the honor of mans nature, and that mixture of falsehood is like alloy in coin of gold and silver, which may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it. For these winding and crooked courses are the goings of the serpent, which goeth basely upon the belly and not upon the feet. There is no vice that doth so cover a man with shame as to be found false and perfidious; and therefore Montaigne saith prettily, when he inquired the reason why the word of the lie should be such a disgrace and such an odious charge. Saith he, If it be well weighed, to say that a man lieth, is as much as to say that he is brave towards God, and a coward towards man. For a lie faces God, and shrinks from man. Surely the wickedness of falsehood and breach of faith cannot possibly be so highly expressed as in that it shall be the last peal to call the judgments of God upon the generations of men: it being foretold that when Christ cometh, He shall not find faith upon the earth. *Bacons paraphrase of the opening lines of Book II of On the Nature of Things by Roman poet Titus Lucretius Carus.

Essay on Conformity vs. Individuality in Schools - 886 Words

As a student, I am often troubled by the rigid routines of the school day, despite the fact that I am actually a very habitual person. The constant ringing of bells, lectures, bellwork, classwork, homework, each a daily practice throughout the school year. Although all of these components promote conformity, which will ultimately support the balance of school and societal norms, they also tend to threaten each student’s own unique characteristics. This then poses the question; to what degree should schools encourage conformity versus individuality? Certainly, a level of conformity is required to achieve a balanced society however, the overall structure of the school day and class, including the methods used to teach and mandatory classes,†¦show more content†¦This includes prohibitions against assault and theft or respect for leaders (Source G). Given that students are at an age where they are extremely moldable, it is imperative that they learn these rules in school. Looking at the actual amount of conformity present in schools, as opposed to the ideal amount, it seems that schools have moved past a healthy level to a point where students don’t often have to genuinely think for themselves. On a basic level, students don’t have to plan or use their judgment to ensure that they arrive to class on time. They become dependent on bells to tell them when they need to be in class and when they are late (Source B). On a more complex level, students rarely have to use their problem solving skills to come to their own conclusions. Learning in the classroom is typically centered around the memorization of facts and methods as opposed to critical thinking. Students are requested to learn the details and regurgitate them on test day, despite the fact that very little of it will be remembered later on. On the rare occasions when students are confronted by a critical thinking question, they often struggle as they have little practice in this a rea. If schools were to put more emphasis on individuality, where students could think freely and responsibly and contribute their own ideas, students would better themselves and societyShow MoreRelatedIndividuality vs. Conformity in High School Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesIt was the first day of school. I was eager to see most of my friends who I went to middle school with. There was one big thing that struck me; I noticed my friends changed. They started dressed differently, acted differently, changed their hair style, and even started wearing makeup. Since the transition fresh out of middle school and into high school, my friends wanted to look older. The biggest factor that bothered me was how they would conform to look like the sophomores, juniors, and seniorsRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Get Them Bullied, It Depends On The Bully870 Words   |  4 Pagesonly way to be accepted is by conforming which is not what we should be pushing for. It’s important to attack the problem by the root. A lot of times the bully may be going through something in their life outside of school which is why they’re lashing out at others. If all the school systems do to fix bullying is make their students wear uniforms, then what will they do once the cliques start to form. At this age, the nature of a child is the same in or out of a uniform and will find any and everythingRead MoreWhy Should We Take Gym Class?1275 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerned parents have raised the issue of individuality vs. conformity, or letting students choose whether or not they want to take the class vs. forcing them to, pertaining to physical education. Conformity is the wise choice-- schools should make gym a mandatory class every year. Because physical education improves a student’s health, encourages teamwork, and boosts academic performance, the sacrifice of individualism is well worth it in the end. Schools must make students conform when it comesRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1671 Words   |  7 Pages Hari Mainali South University School Uniform â€Æ' Abstract Freedom of dress is violated by restricting on school uniform. A school and university have their own dress code which does not require a particular dress. Some researcher and scholar suggest misbehavior in the student are the result of banning uniform. But misbehavior is what they acquired in their life. Banning uniform, student can exercise their right to express themselves freely. Student will be able to focus on education and saveRead MoreDifferences between Homeschooling and Public Education780 Words   |  3 PagesWrite a 1,050-to 1,250- word final draft of your compare-and-contrast essay. (Home school vs. public education). Introduction The differences between homeschooling and public education are huge but can be summarized along three lines: firstly, homeschooling is just that, where the parent or an employed governess teaches the child in a home, as compared to a, school setting. Secondly, the home setting employs its own voluntary rules and schedule of education teaching whatever the home educator desiresRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Be A Requirement For School892 Words   |  4 PagesUniforms: Should they be a Requirement for School While in a perfect world many educators say that school uniforms are an asset but I have to say school uniforms are detrimental to the students. School uniforms are a financial hardship on low-income families, make students a target for bullying, infringe on a students’ freedom of expression rights and they teach students a negative lesson about conformity. Show the opposing side of mandatory school uniforms it will be shown that the uniformRead MoreLord Of The Flies, By William Golding And The Perks Of Being A Wallflower1087 Words   |  5 PagesPeace by John Knowles for my AP U.S. History class while I read The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger over the summer. A Separate Peace explores the rivalry that can lie at the heart of many friendships and conveys the concept of individuality rather than conformity. Similarly, The Catcher in the Rye is the story of a teenage boy who despises the phoniness of society and fears becoming just another phony adult. Both novels share similar characteristics including their utilization of literary devicesRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Children1366 Words   |  6 Pagescausing this behavior. Primary school is an especially tough time for our young ones. If educators are really looking to put an end to bullying, they have to attack it from the root of the problem (Linder-Altman). What a chi ld is wearing will not get them bullied, it depends on the bully. Making uniforms mandatory in efforts to decrease bullying, only teaches our children that the only way to be accepted is by conforming which is not what we should be pushing for. It’s important to attack the problemRead MoreUniforms Should Not Wear School Uniforms1751 Words   |  8 PagesDuring every school year, the issue on if school officials should or should not entail students to wear uniforms in school is a constant debate among the parents and staff members in school districts. Just like any other controversial issues, there are two sides to the argument representing both the good and bad points that exist behind student being required to wear uniforms in school. Although it can take students time to adjust to transitioning into the policy of being required to wear uniformsRead MoreCurrently There Is A Growing Awareness Of The Prevalence1558 Words   |  7 Pagesregular bullying, whereas less than 10% of adolescents’ aged 17 report any bullying, including bullies and victimization of bullying, on a weekly basis. Baldry (2004) examined the effects of attitude toward bullying and victimization in Italian middle schools. Baldry (2004) aimed to establish young adolescents’ positive and negative judgments according to gender, toward a victim being bullied on the basis of if the victim was bullied in a group or alone; hypothesizing the gender of the bullies and victims

Marketing Mix of LG and SAMSUNG Free Essays

the student’s work and are not examples of our expert essay writers’ work. READ MORE Market segmentation and marketing mix of LG and SAMSUNG This Korean company, which was founded in 1958, combined other two Korean companies named Lucky and Goldstar. Therefore, LG was defined as the two companies, but currently, it means Lifes good. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mix of LG and SAMSUNG or any similar topic only for you Order Now LG Electronics is one of the leaders and innovators of technology in the world, and it focuses on consumer electronics, mobile communications and home appliances (OPPapers, 2010). SAMSUNG Founded in 1938, SAMSUNG has become one of the largest electronics companies in the world. As the most popular electronics company among consumers in the world, Samsung owns a good reputation. Moreover, Samsung occupies more than 20% of total export in South Korea (Samsungish, 2010). Currently, the innovation and high quality of Samsung’s products are recognized by the whole world (SAMSUNG, 2010a). 1. 2 Theory 1. 2. 1 Market Segmentation Market segmentation means that businesses divide their markets into a few sections with similar features, so that they can target different groups of consumers and produce merchandise or service for them. Market segmentation is classified into four methods which are geography, demography, psychology and behaviors (Hall et al, 2008). Marketing mix Marketing mix is defined as â€Å"those elements of a firm’s marketing strategy which are designed to meet the needs of its customers†. There are four factors which are called 4Ps, and they are product, price, promotion, and place (Hall et al, 2008:75). Aims The objective of this report is to analyze the differences of the market segmentation and marketing mix of LG and SAMSUNG. Findings LG LG, a well-known brand around the world, is to sell TVs to rural areas in China (Articlesbase, 2010). Home appliances such as TVs, washing machines, and refrigerators are LG electronics’ major products (LG Electronics, 2010). In addition, LG is adept in using advertisements to attract shoppers (Pakistan Gulf Economist, 2005). SAMSUNG Similarly, Samsung sells its products in the world. It not only sells to cities but also rural areas. In order to privilege consumers, Samsung holds promotional events to attract shoppers. However, Samsung has some products which LG does not produce, such as PC peripherals, print solutions, and memory cards (SAMSUNG, 2010b). Discussion Market segmentation LG An obvious way of segmenting market is geography. LG Electronics sells its merchandise spread all over the world, especially well-known countries, for example, LG digital television in China. Yucheng Zheng (2010), the CEO of LG Electronics (China) Co. , Ltd. , reported that LG launched a project to promote digital television in rural area in China. LG targets at the rural market and provides digital TVs and home applicants for rural consumers. The emphasis of rural segment is â€Å"price competitiveness†. LG is going to reduce the price of its products so that it can develop well (Articlesbase, 2010). SAMSUNG Samsung focuses on rural area as well, for example, the Samsung color TV in rural area and urban area of China. This segment involves â€Å"mass market, low- and medium-end units to rural customers or high-end products to urban customers† (EssayForStudent, n. d). To deal with an extensive product line, a mass market capacitates Samsung to satisfy consumer needs. Because Samsung enters China market late, it faces challenges to be succeeded in mass market. Furthermore, the rural market, which is approximately 80% of the whole market, is aimed by Samsung via the â€Å"low-end units†. However, because of the previous businesses of â€Å"low-cost, low-end color TVs†, Samsung had to exploit a new â€Å"high-end TVs† in urban market. With the remarkable improvement of people’s living standard, the quantity of high-end TVs in urban market in China is increasing though the segment is not big (EssayForStudent, n. d). Marketing Mix LG Product LG pays attention to upper and upper middle classes and provides products for those consumers. High quality and good service of LG products are so progressive that products are output to developed countries (Pakistan ; Gulf Economist, 2005). LG Electronics (2010) in China shows that the products include TV audio video, mobile phones, home appliances, IT products, and air conditioning (LG Electronics, 2010). Price The pricing strategy of LG is â€Å"cost plus fixed mark up†. Following the pricing policy, LG’s formula is â€Å"import cost + reasonable gross profit†. The formula is used to cover the market cost and make profits in any market including China (Pakistan ; Gulf Economist, 2005). An LG’s cell phone called Lollipop cost RMB 2,000 in 2009, when it first appeared in China. Promotion One effective way of promotion is advertisement. As a famous brand, LG advertises its products to get promoted (Pakistan ; Gulf Economist, 2005). LG is accustomed to inviting famous stars to advertise its merchandise. For instance, Kim Tae-Hee, a famous actress, advertised for LG mobile phone and camera. Her advertisements attract young shoppers in China to buy relative merchandise. Place LG’s merchandise is sold throughout the world, especially developed regions. There are numbers of LG retailers in big cities including Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. In addition, LG sells its products in home appliance interlink retail enterprises such as Suning and Gome in China. SAMSUNG Product As same as LG, Samsung also provides mobile devices, TV audio video and home appliances for Chinese shoppers. However, there are some products that LG lacks, such as camera camcorder, PC peripherals, print solutions, and memory cards (SAMSUNG, 2010b). Moreover, â€Å"focusing on the future of wireless communications, Samsung launched futuristic products such as the mobile hone watch, the PDA-phone, the digital camera cum mobile phone, the MP3 mobile phone and its latest model of 3G mobile phone† (123HelpMe, 2010). Price The price of Samsung products is similar with LG. For example, Samsung F480 Mobile Phone, which has â€Å"223 MB Memory, 5 Mega-Pixel Camera with 4 X Digital Zoom†, cost RMB 993-RMB 2,325. Another example, â€Å"Samsung UA40C7000 40â € ³ 3D LED TV, which is 40†³ Screen, Full HD, High Definition, Widescreen, HDMI, Internet, and 1920 x 1080 pixels†, cost RMB 9,320- RMB 15,656 (MyShopping, n. d. ). Promotion Samsung constantly holds sales promotional events. For example, recently, there is an event called â€Å"Samsung Smart TV Promotion† in HongKong. Customers can get a â€Å"FREE Samsung 1TB external Hard Drive and 3D Starter Gift Pack upon purchasing eligible model of 3D LEDTV and 3D LCD TV† from 16th October to 30th November (SAMSUNG, 2010c). The promotion is able to help Samsung expand its sales. Place Samsung sells its products by retailers and home appliance interlinks retail enterprises Suning and Gome as well as LG. Nevertheless, Samsung not only sells products in cities, but also in countryside. Samsung in China took part in a policy named â€Å"home appliances to rural areas† in 2009. This policy was to add profits to the masses that lived in rural areas. Samsung was one of the companies that help rural people improve their living standard. Conclusion In short, the report involves the background of the two competitive companies, theory of market segmentation and marketing mix and comparison between the two companies. Via discussing market segmentation and marketing mix of LG and Samsung, the superiorities of the two companies are obvious to be found. The general strength of Samsung is better than LG, so LG has to be enhanced. Recommendation According to the analyses above, LG is recommended to improve its promotional events so that there will be more consumers to purchase its merchandise. Furthermore, LG is supposed to expand the range of its products to different fields. However, Samsung should classify its segmentation more clearly. As a result, if the two companies reduce the price, the demand of their electronic products will increase. Read more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/marketing/marketing-mix-of-lg-and-samsung-marketing-essay. php#ixzz2OTcQ9YYp How to cite Marketing Mix of LG and SAMSUNG, Essay examples

Criminology Theories And Delinquency Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Criminology Theories And Delinquency. Answer: Criminal justice theories Criminology theories provide an empirical insight into the factors that are important to explain crime and delinquency. The theory in focus in this paper is the labelling theory. This theory was among the first criminology theories to address both criminality aspect by an individual and the impact of societal reaction on criminal behaviours (Davies, Croall Tyrer, 2010). For a behavior or action to be considered a crime there must be laws in place. For example, during the prohibition era, it was illegal to associate yourself with anything that involves alcohol. This included possessing, manufacturing or distribution of alcohol. Individuals who possessed, manufactured or distributed alcohol were deemed to be criminals . Labelling theorists suggests that a complete picture of deviance or crime cannot be attained just examining the individuals committing the crime and their characteristics (Haugen Musser, 2009). It is common to think that when we refer to a theory in Criminology, it seeks to explain the causes of crime by exploring factors and actions of the individual who is considered guilty of this. Nothing is further from reality, the theory of labeling explains how the social reaction is that which labels someone as a criminal and not the criminal act itself. The labeling theory explains how the community classifies who is not a delinquent and who is a delinquent. Today the theory does not have the same prominence as in the years 1960s and 70s(Inciardi, 2010). This theory uses two concepts that are very interesting which relate to deviation , which are the reaction of the society and lkabelling as a delinquent. This are primary and secondary deviation. The society expresses displeasure on a criminal and puts a label on the person who commits it. The process by which a subject is labeled is simple, with one example is enough to understand how this works. The same theory states that we ar e conditioned by social reaction and act accordingly. Therefore, if society puts a certain label, it is most likely that we act in that way (Merino, 2013). Hypothesis Can the character of a person determine if they are criminals? Research design In research design, various strategies were used to integrate the components of the study in a logical and coherent way. A questionnaire was used to collect the data in which population demographics was used to make the research in relation to crime. The questionnaires had different questions that were based on having people to get the population design (Merino, 2013). Questionnaire General information Which se(gender) are you representing? .................................................. Number of years serving of the respondent. Are you gang affiliated? Yes ( ) ( ) Others-Specify Number of inner city Hispanics that are in criminal activities . Why are young men being involved in criminal activities? What is the percentage population that is being involved in crime? Why does youre department involve in criminal risk management? What duration are criminal offenders stay? Does your family have a crime history? Are you affiliated to any criminal gang in the country ? Hypothesis Test Based on the hypothesis in this study, the conclusion is that the character of a person can determine if someone is a criminal. The hypothesis above is factual, given that the character of a person is based on numerous environmental, social and ecponomic conditions upon which a person is raised. For juveniles growing in hoods, most of them end up in crime. This is due to many factors including the fact that peer influence and other factors are prime in moulding the character. Independent Variables The independent variable identified in this study ranged from the demographic changes, age , subject, religious background, role models, gang membership and heroes. It is seen in the questionnaire that the ages in which one is prone to crime is between the ages of 12- 25. Most of these men who are Hispanics and blacks are affiliated to various gangs. The gangs fight for control over drugs areas and other crimes like controlling prostitution money. They induct themselves in the gangs and start the criminal activities (Parker, 2015). They are also from various religions which includes, Christianity, Islamic religions and other dont profess any religion. The sample of subjects that the people choose from includes the incarceration sentence, counselling, pardon and other methods of dealing with crime (Merino, 2013). Although the questionnaires were the main way of identifying and collecting information. Others included; interviews, observations and telephone calls. Limitations to the study There are various limitations related to the study. The limitations include; Cost of doing the survey or the study Gang threats while conducting the study Lack of interest from the interviews Long working hours Illiteracy from the gang members some of whom were unable to fill the questionnaires appropriately References Davies, M., Croall, H., Tyrer, J. (2010).Criminal justice. New York: Pearson Longman. Haugen, D., Musser, S. (2009).Criminal justice. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Inciardi, J. (2010).Criminal justice. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Merino, N. (2013).Criminal Justice. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Parker, B. (2015).Criminal Justice. Open Road Media Mystery Thriller.

 Epoca precolombina Essay Example

  Epoca precolombina Essay La coca trasciende desde la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca precolombina hasta nuestros dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½as. En los à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ltimos tiempos se le ha dado un uso diferente al que tenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a en la antigà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½edad, sin embargo su cultivo es consiente ya desde la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca precolombina. Durante la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca de las grandes culturas andinas, la coca era cultivada de manera racional en las zonas del Cuzco, Pancartambo, Zongo, Cayapa, Totora. El arbusto se producà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a por un sistema comunitario relacionando su cultivo con el control, un mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ximo de pasos ecolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gicos y mandando colonos de las zonas productoras, ya durante el imperio incaico como un cultivo de tipo estatal1 Podemos apreciar la importancia que la coca tuvo en las à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½pocas pasadas. 2.1.2 Epoca de la Colonia We will write a custom essay sample on   Epoca precolombina specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on   Epoca precolombina specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on   Epoca precolombina specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer La à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca de la colonia fue la precursora para la importancia que la coca adquiere en la actualidad como parte de la tradicià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. Durante la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca de la colonia, el uso de la coca mediante la masticacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n llamado acullico se expandià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½pidamente. La sobrexplotacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la mano de la mano indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gena las encomiendas, en los obrajes y especialmente en la mita de las minas hizo de la coca un alimento fundamental en la dieta de los indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½genas. La coca por sus caracterà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sticas de uso, tamaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o y conservacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n permità ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a ser utilizada en largas y agotadoras jornadas al interior de las minas, provee proteà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nas, vitaminas, quitaba el sueà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o y era un antifatigante2 El acullico en la actualidad es sobre todo practicado en el à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rea rural pero ha sido incorporada en el area urbana 2.1.3 La coca en la republica. El valor de la coca se hace notable en el periodo de la Repà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½blica, por esto se acentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an el numero de haciendas pertenecientes a un solo propietario. De cierta manera es en el periodo de la Repà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½blica, donde se empieza a conocer la coca con un valor econà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mico y no como hasta entonces habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a sido conocida, incrementando de esta manera la importancia que se le da en la actualidad, e iniciando los cultivos con fines lucrativos. Ya por 1928 se acentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a en el sector rural un proceso de concentracià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la tierra, es decir, la formacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de varias haciendas pertenecientes a un solo propietario. Paradà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½jicamente, eran propietarios aquellos que en 1895 no tenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an ni una sola hacienda. Este es el caso, de Josà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Marà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a Gamarra, que en 1825 no poseà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a haciendas y que en 1928 era propietario del 25% de las haciendas de coca en coripata llegando a poseer el 32% en 1952 3 El interà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s por el cultivo de la hoja de coca en haciendas se incrementà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ en gran porcentaje durante la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca de la Repà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½blica, sobre todo por los terratenientes, este incremento se dio notablemente entre los feudales, Sin embargo esto dio lugar a que muchos indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½genas se quedaran sin tierras, las cuales pasaban a manos de los seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ores feudales, quienes se convertà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an en terratenientes, para los cuales trabajaban los indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½genas. En 1871 el gobierno de Melgarejo, dictà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ la Ley de Exvinculacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n que permità ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a la venta de tierras de las comunidades. En realidad esto fue un mecanismo para expropiar la tierra a los indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½genas y concentrarla en manos de la clase terrateniente propietaria de grandes haciendas4 L a Ley de Exvinculacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n, fue el inicio a lo que posteriormente serà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a parte de la revolucià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de 1952, lo que no ingresa en este tema, pero vale la pena mencionar, pues si bien en la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca de la Republica, genero ingresos para el gobierno, fue ademà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s causa de un hecho histà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rico para Bolivia. 2.1.4 Consumo y uso de la hoja de coca hasta el aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o 1994. A continuacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n podremos observar un resumen del consumo y produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la hoja de coca, demanda que satisfacà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a a los masticadores, por lo que podemos decir que era un consumo y produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n dentro de lo que seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ala el autor, legal. Los denominados masticadores, consumen una demanda de 12mil TM de coca cada aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o, estudio efectuado en 1981 en siete departamentos de nuestro paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s con excepcià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de Pando y Beni. Hasta 1992 se aprecia un lento crecimiento, donde existà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a un volumen de 200mil tambores promedio por aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o Otra evaluacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n efectuada en el aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o 1993, seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ala que en el à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rea de los yungas existà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an un total de 12mil hectà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½reas destinadas al cultivo de coca, produciendo asà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 12mil TM de hoja de coca Otra observacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ala que un aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o despuà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s, el mercado legal de Villa Fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tima comercializà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ un volumen de 135251 tambores, esta produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n cae para los meses de agosto, septiembre, octubre5. Podemos mencionar que el cultivo promedio durante estos aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os fue de 12mil hectà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½reas, lo que producirà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a 12mil TM de coca, alcanzando a una produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n anual de 200mil tambores de coca legal, tomando en cuenta que un tambor contiene 50 libras, la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n tendrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½amos10 millones de libras anuales hasta 1994. 2.2 La transformacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de coca en cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na Fue el laboratorista italiano Enrique Pizzi dueà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o de la Botica y droguerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a boliviana, quien procesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na en 1857, informacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n que logra una mayor precisià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n en el tema coca- cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, pues en la à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ptica que la prohà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½be se ha condenado el uso tradicional pues se la enmarca en la lista de sustancias controladas por las Naciones Unidas, dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndole un carà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cter virtual de droga. En realidad, el à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½aislamientoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ del alcaloide de una planta, de la manera como sucede dentro de un laboratorio cientà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico, esta mucho mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s cerca de la creacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n que del descubrimiento. Dentro de una planta el principio activo existe naturalmente integrado con otros elementos de los que hay que, efectivamente, aislar mediante tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cnicas artificiales. El producto aislado que hasta entonces no existà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a de forma libre en el universo, es en esencia una fabricacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n y entonces, serà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s apropiado hablar de Pizzi y/o Niegan(en este punto da lo mismo) ya no como descubridores ni creadores sino como los fabricantes, los primeros, de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na.6 Este pensamiento puede ser acusado de no estudiar la relacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n coca cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na en un contexto cultural, pues el alcaloide obtenido a partir de la coca, puede producir efectos indeseables dentro este contexto, es asà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ que no es extraà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o escuchar que en la proposicià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n que seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ala que la coca al poseer este alcaloide, sea considerada droga, pensamiento que es propio de las Naciones unidas. 2.2.1 Primeros usos de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na. Despuà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s de ensalzar las propiedades curativas de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y descubrir que era remedio contra la dependencia de la morfina, heroà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y alcohol, se descubrià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ que su no-regulacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a sido causa de una nueva adiccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n, trayendo consecuencias econà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½micas, sociales y geopolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ticas. El mismo mundo cientà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico que ensalzà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, poco a poco, fue descubriendo que el uso desmesurado del alcaloide podrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a producir ciertos efectos indeseables y ante esa evidencia, una injustificable pirueta conceptual.7 Los primeros usos de la cocina fueron como ya mencionamos para contrarrestar otras drogas, se convirtià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a este alcaloide en una droga maravillosa, sin estigma moral, ni regulaciones, comenzando de esta manera su exportacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n desde el Perà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a diferentes lugares como ser Europa y Estados Unidos, sin embargo su mayor exportador fue Java (colonia Holandesa. Ya en 1885 la casa de Merck de Alemania empleaba como insumo la hoja de coca para la elaboracià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de tableta, elixires, jarabes. Al igual que su competidora la Parke Davis que incluso introdujo al mercado cigarrillos de la hoja de coca. Publicando incluso una monografà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a dirigida a los mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½dicos sobre sus virtudes. Ya en esta à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½poca se extiende el uso de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na como anestà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sico. ,,,Siguiendo la evolucià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n cronolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gica de los usos de la hoja de coca, ya en 1886 un farmacà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½utico de Georgia, John Styth Pemberton, producà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a un jarabe que contenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, cafeà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y extracto de nuez de cola mezclado con agua y gas carbà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nico: la historia presenciaba el nacimiento de la Coca Cola, que en poco tiempo se convertirà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a en una poderosa multinacional(.) En un principio la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na era elemento fundamental de la fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rmula de la Coca cola; asà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, la chispa de la vida hacà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a desde entonces referencia a esa misteriosa cualidad antidepresiva que aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n se mantiene. A partir de 1921 se informa que la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na habrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a sido remplazada por cafeà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, manteniendo sin embargo como elemento sustitutivo un extracto de coca saporizanteà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 El consumo de esta nueva droga se mantiene a pesar de la prohibicià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n pero en 1930 cae, no por la ya mencionada prohibicià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n sino por investigaciones farmacolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gicas y por el reemplazo delas anfetaminas, droga con menor precio econà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mico y que reunà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a otras ventajas. Podemos notar que el consumo de este alcaloide fue popularizado, incluso se la introdujo en el mercado de una manera libre, y con gran marketing, al mismo tiempo podemos apreciar que al conocer su otra clara fue prohibida, por lo tanto prohibiendo asà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de su materia prima la hoja de coca. 2.2.2 El boom de la demanda de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na. El nacimiento del siglo XX, los avances tecnolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gicos, los conflictos sociales, culturales, trajeron consigo el consumo creciente de estupefacientes, los problemas de una sociedad altamente competitiva se expresaron en el incontrolado uso de estimulantes y antidepresivos. Podrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a identificarse la finalizacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cada de los 60 con el Inicio del boom de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, con sus consecuencias perversas, tanto para los paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ses productores como consumidores.9 Tres factores ayudan a explicar el vivo interà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s que empieza a producir el mercado norteamericano por el uso de la coca como remplazante de la marihuana. Podrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½amos decir que esta droga logro introducirse en el mercado, debido a que las fuerzas represorias iban concentradas en la lucha contra la marihuana y la LDS. el primer factor, es cierta negligencia de las fuerzas represivas, que desde 1965 concretan sus esfuerzos en combatir la circulacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n del cà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½amo y LSD, lo que permite el ingreso de toneladas de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na a precios no prohibitivos.10 Obviamente al estar la mayor parte de las fuerzas represarà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½as concentradas en las drogas ya mencionadas, fue fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cil la introduccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, y mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n lograr que tornase a ser una de las drogas mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s consumidas. Existe tambià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n un segundo factor en el cual se menciona la estructura de las mafias que organizan el manejo o narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico de las drogas. El segundo factor se relacionarà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a con la estructuracià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de las mafias, en principio formadas por los cubanos anti castristas. Y posteriormente por la participacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de los servicios secretos en diferentes tipos de operaciones. Este relacionamiento oscuro del trà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico de drogas con servicios de inteligencia, es tambià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n confirmado por el testimonio del ex agente de la DEA Michael Levine*.11 Podemos mencionar que a partir de esta estructuracià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n se organizà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ lo que hoy por hoy conocemos como narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico, logrando crear una cadena interminable y en algunos casos identificables, con estructuras internas que trabajan cuidadosamente cuyo objetivo es el factor econà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mico que emana a partir del narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico, burlando en ocasiones varias, las fuerzas anti narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico. Podemos mencionar como tercer factor abarca el nacimiento de la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y la filosofà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a de la sociedad que la consume. el tercer factor mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s genà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rico, se vincula con una erosià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de valores autoritarios, derivado de una filosofà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a de la sociedad del bienestar. A diferencia de la sociedad consumidora de marihuana -constituida por gente disconforme con las pautas del consumo en masa- la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na desde su nacimiento constituyà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ un producto de consumo en masas.12 Podemos decir que al ser la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na una droga que fue aceptada libremente por la sociedad basà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndose en sus poderes medicinales curativos, se constituyo en un producto de consumo en masas, por lo que despuà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s al ser prohibido por sus efectos bilaterales, ya era conocido y constaba de muchas personas adictas a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½l, ademà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s, podemos mencionar como causas de las cuales emana este tercer factor, los dos factores anteriormente mencionados. A finales de los aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os 80 aparecià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ en el mercado una nueva droga, llamada crack, droga que por su composicià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n dentro de la cual destacaba como elemento la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y efectos de la misma logra mayor adiccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. La situacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n se agravo () debido al consumo del crack, una especie de pasta de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na elaborada quà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½micamente mezclando la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na con bicarbonato de sodio y producià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndola mediante fusià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. Esta nueva droga ganà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½pidamente adeptos gracias a su menor precio, siendo ademà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s mucho mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s adictiva que la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na y produciendo severos daà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os al organismo en el corto plazo.13 Por esto entre los aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os 90- 92 se aprecia una disminucià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n en el consumo de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, sin embargo el aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o siguiente, las estadà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sticas de consumo de este alcaloide, se incrementaron, siendo parte de este incremento los adolescentes, quienes cambiaron su actitud ante el consumo, la juventud ha perdido el temor o simplemente es indiferente ante el peligro que implica el consumo de drogas( revistaThe Christian Science Monitor, febrero de 1994). 2.2.3 El aumento de la oferta de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na Como ya vimos en las dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cadas de los 80 y 90, la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de coca y cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na tuvo un incremento, sobre todo en paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ses como Colombia, Perà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, y Bolivia. en Perà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de coca ha pasado de 30000Has. En 1980 a 130000 Has. en 1992. En Colombia a cerca de 50000 Has.; sin embargo es el mayor procesador de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na utilizando como insumo la pasta base que se produce en Bolivia y Perà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. En Bolivia , la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n a pasado de 12000 Has. a 47000Has. en 1993. En 1987 llegà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ hasta su techo, con un à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rea mayor, pero como producto de la polà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tica de erradicacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de cocales la produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n ha descendido notablemente En el caso de Bolivia,(), una produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n excedentaria de 70000 T. De hoja de coca podrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a derivar en la fabricacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de 791 toneladas de pasta, lo que a la vez permitirà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a la fabricacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de 253 toneladas de pasta base y finalmente la refinacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de93 toneladas de clorhidrato de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na.14 La produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de la hoja de coca y de su derivado, la cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, se ha incrementado notablemente, lo que llegarà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a a ser incongruente, pues se ha prohibido su produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n debido al alcaloide que produce la ya mencionada droga. Los ingresos del circuito mencionado anteriormente en la cita bibliogrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fica describe citas astronà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½micas, beneficià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndose con la demanda y oferta ya sea de la pasta, como de la pasta base o del clorhidrato de cocaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½na, los que se sumergen en este mundo. los que se benefician sustancialmente del aumento de la demanda y consiguientemente de la oferta son los nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cleos de empresarios, llamados Carteles que ademà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s generan violencia y corrompen las estructuras jurà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½dicas, policiales, y polà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ticas de los Estados.15 Podemos ademà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s seà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½alar que al generar , el narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico, una destructuracià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de los Estados y beneficiando a Nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cleos empresariales privados, haciendo a los paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ses en general mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s pobres, hay una institucià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n que se beneficia indirectamente o directamente del trafico de drogas, nos referimos a los bancos, debido a que del flujo monetario derivado del narcotrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fico, una parte mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nima se queda en los paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ses productores y la parte mayor del mismo, circula entre los paà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ses consumidores. 2.3 La economà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a de la hoja de coca y sus derivados en Bolivia. A fines de los aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os 70, Bolivia ingresà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ en una profunda crisis estructural que reflejaba el agotamiento del modelo capitalista, anclà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndose en una produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n minera y agraria tradicional. En 1985, gracias a la Nueva Polà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tica Econà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mica,(FMI), se logrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ controlar la inflacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. Sin embargo hubo ausencia de inversiones por lo que no se dinamizà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ la economà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a logrando asà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ un incremento en la pobreza de grandes sectores de la poblacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. 2.3.1 Estructura agraria. Como sabemos el territorio boliviano presenta tres à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½reas predefinidas: Altiplano, Valles y Trà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½pico. Del total del territorio nacional, menos del 3% esta destinado a actividades agrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½colas; el 51 esta ocupado con bosques y alrededor del 33% es de pastos y arbustos; solo una fraccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de esta à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ltima parte es apta para el desarrollo de actividades pecuarias y puede ser destinada a incrementar la frontera agrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cola y el desarrollo de la ganaderà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a.16 A partir de la revolucià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de 1952 y la Reforma Agraria, se logro que los indà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½genas tuviesen sus propias tierras, con lo que el incremento de la agricultura fue notable, sin embargo, podemos percibir que nuestro territorio a pesar de ser rico para la explotacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n agrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cola, es poco aprovechado. Otro fenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½meno observado en la agricultura es la estructura dual que se presenta en el mismo, pues esta se divide, en la agricultura tradicional y en la moderna, distinguià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndose una de la otra de la siguiente manera: La agricultura tradicional se caracteriza por tener como unidad de produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n el minifundio, con formas de produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n atrasadas en las que predomina el arado a traccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n animal, no tiene acceso al crà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½dito formal, su produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n se destina bà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sicamente al mercado interno y al autoconsumo. La agricultura moderna, predominante en la parte oriental, se caracteriza por poseer grandes extensiones de tierra, usar nuevas tecnologà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½as, tener acceso al crà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½dito formal, y destinar su produccià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n principalmente a la exportacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n y a la agroindustria nacional17. Podemos mencionar que la principal limitacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de nuestra actividad agrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cola es la de la agroindustria, y la divisià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de una estructura en dos partes extremas y desequilibradas.